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塞罕坝机械林场:高寒荒漠如何造林护绿?

2017-08-05 08:34:01   中国经济网

生物病害被称为“无烟的森林火灾”,塞罕坝林木良好的长势,说明这里的生物病害得到了有效防控。有一组关于塞罕坝机械林场的调查数据:一是森林昆虫种类不断增加,生物多样性越来越好。2003年普查时全场有昆虫种类300余种,到2016年普查时已增加到1000多种。二是常规性食叶害虫暴发的频次降低了很多。比如,长期危害塞罕坝机械林场的落叶松尺蛾、两种线小卷蛾、腮扁叶蜂,以前5至8年左右必定大规模暴发一次,现在十几年才发生一次。有的虫害已经近20年都没大面积暴发过。

塞罕坝人工林总面积达112万亩,有害生物防控难度极大,如何做到有害不成灾、生态日趋自然呢?

“我们有害生物防控有一个总体原则:能够森林自控的,不去人为干预;能够小范围控制的,不扩大面积防治;能够采取天敌、物理防治的,不用化学药剂。即便是特殊情况使用化学药剂也采用无公害制剂、生物制剂或仿生制剂,彻底抛弃高毒、高残留农药,将环境污染降到最低,最大限度保护非防控对象,促进森林形成自控机制,维护生态平衡。”塞罕坝机械林场总场森林病虫害防治检疫站站长国志锋说。

塞罕坝机械林场根据发生的有害生物不同种类,采用飞机防治、物理防治、天敌防治、人工喷烟防治、人工喷雾防治、毒饵诱杀等不同防治办法。年林业生物病害不超过20万亩次时,多采用人工防治;超过20万亩次,采用飞机防治为主、人工防治为辅的方法。

塞罕坝机械林场有50多年的建场史,树高一般在14至18米,飞机防治比较好办,人工喷药能喷那么高吗?

“常规喷雾够不着。我们日常主要采用人工喷烟防治法,”国志锋解释道,“将药剂混合在柴油中,利用机器高温生成烟雾弥漫在林子里,就能杀灭病虫害。”喷烟防治效率高,但受天气影响很大。比如刮大风天气,药烟会被吹走。偏偏塞罕坝地处华北风口,是远近知名的风电场。经长期摸索,林场森林病虫害防治检疫站技术人员发现,凌晨或傍晚时分风速较低,是作业良机。

每逢喷烟防治时,林场工人都格外辛苦。凌晨2点多起床,3点到达防治作业地块。这时天还漆黑一片,就打着手电加油、加药、调试机器。4点天刚蒙蒙亮,作业就正式开始。白天由于天气原因不能作业,工人可以休息。技术员不能休,要抓紧修理机器,调查防治效果,直忙到晚上8点多看不到山路了才下山。就这样每天超过10小时超负荷工作,一干就是半个多月。2002年塞罕坝松毛虫暴发时,国志锋他们起早贪黑连续奋战了40多天。

“绿水青山就是金山银山”,塞罕坝机械林场努力造林护林,使山更青、水更绿,确实是“水源卫士、风沙屏障”的生态文明建设的成功典范。

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