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管清友:人口红利和寻租已消失 金融王气黯然收

2017-07-25 13:09:03   中国经济网

所以现在回头去看,近几年所谓的资产牛市大多数跟杠杆有关。当然,大家为什么敢用杠杆,因为大家的风险偏好比较高;为什么风险偏好比较高,因为货币环境比较宽松;为什么货币环境比较宽松,因为我们总体采取的是QE政策。

如果从比较大的方面来看,以上问题主要是由于供给侧结构性改革和宏观管理不匹配所造成的,实际上也无法做到完全匹配,所以问题比较棘手。而且现在看来,金融体系的膨胀和实体经济的下滑是一个硬币的两面。

从2016年下半年开始,政府已经意识到以上问题:金融体系过度膨胀,实体经济表现并不乐观,而改革并没有追赶上金融体系膨胀的速度。因此政府试图收缩整个金融体系的膨胀,抑制资产价格的泡沫,同时也进一步强调改革的重要性。

我曾经跟一位军事专家交流,他提到过去我们解决问题主要依靠人口红利和寻租,当然这两点概念目前已经消失,但我觉得很有趣,同时大家可以借鉴一下。

3.企业

2008年以后,以央企为代表的部分企业“大干快上”跟随国家政策迅速扩张,导致已经存在的产能过剩进一步加剧,使企业陷入困局。2012年开始,企业对宏观政策持有比较谨慎的态度啊,我们称之为“企业行为的钝化”,“企业行为的钝化”也导致了整个经济周期波动的钝化。

在量化宽松的大的货币环境之下,金融周期发挥着比较强的作用,资产价格波动代替了传统意义上的经济周期波动,再加上企业预期钝化所导致经济周期的钝化,我们可以看到经济呈现一个小幅下滑、走平的趋势,而金融周期却非常明显的独特现象。

在过去10年中,凡是跟金融地产相关的企业,只要通过加杠杆的形式,基本上都出现了比较大的资产膨胀。相反,金融地产以外的大部分传统实体企业都陷入了比较严重的困难期。金融行业开始成为很多企业的选择,似乎只要与金融相关都能赚钱,甚至一度出现了很多主业可能是建筑、能源、电力等企业投身金融行业,这确实与影子银行体系的膨胀有关。

4.金融机构

金融机构包括银行、证券、信托、保险等。银行在最近5年里由于利率市场化改革,压力较大,而且存贷差缩小后银行必须通过扩大自己的规模以维持与原来差不多的收入。所以最近5年中,银行都在强化规模管理,从而做大规模。

实体经济的投资回报率持续处于低位并一路下滑,实体经济投资回报率的下降给予金融机构非常大的压力,金融机构迫切需要提高收益。以银行为例,对于金融机构来讲,其资产端的收益率在下降,而负债端成本却很难降下去。这样的话,对商业银行来讲,一方面存贷差减少,另一方面面临着负债端成本的压力,而其资产端迫切需要提高投资收益率,因此银行越来越多地开展委外业务,即把自己资金池里的资金委托给专业的机构去投资,以提高投资回报率。

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