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如何彻底根治童工现象
“解决童工问题需要综合治理,要从严格执法监察、培育社会意识、完善制度等多方面入手。”韩欣悦表示,当前有多个部门对童工问题承担管理职责,但同时也造成了管理权责不清晰、监管力度不足,个人问责困难等情况。解决这些问题,需要以县级政府为起点,理清县、市、省三级政府劳动监察部门对当地使用童工的行政监察责任,在此基础上建立一套分级负责制度,明确核心的责任部门。只有改变当前对童工“民不举、官不究”的消极态度,对不作为者有责必追,才能维护禁止使用童工立法的严肃性,推动强制性行政干预成为实施法律的有效手段。同时,严厉打击非法使用童工方面的犯罪,对其中涉及的虐待、非法拘禁、强迫劳动、雇佣童工从事危重劳动等犯罪行为,要从严查办,形成震慑力。此外,还要鼓励社会媒体、公众担负起治理童工的社会责任。一方面,通过媒体的宣传,在公众心中建立不可使用童工的法律红线;另一方面,鼓励公众积极向当地执法监察部门举报。当前,大多数的正规企业和工商户都不存在使用童工问题,使用童工的多是一些证照不全,生产、经营条件差的小企业、小作坊。这种情况下,童工的使用存在很强的隐蔽性,执法监察部门也很难发现童工的存在。所以,要让公众有意识、有责任举报非法使用童工现象,只有借助公众的力量,才能达到事半功倍的效果。另外,提高全社会的道德素质。韩欣悦表示,当前社会公众对童工现象的容忍度过高,很多人的态度是“见怪不怪”,忽视了童工使用中普遍存在的威胁、暴力等违法行为,这给儿童成长过程造成的创伤是难以弥补的。童工现象与文明社会的要求背道而驰,也不符合法治精神,可以说是社会进步和发展过程中的道德污点。
班小辉认为,解决童工问题应当从预防开始,虽然进一步完善相关的执法监督很重要,但从问题产生的根源出发,建立长效的综合治理机制,逐步减少乃至消除童工现象更重要。这就需要审视最低就业年龄的合理性问题。国际劳工组织《准予就业最低年龄公约》规定最低就业年龄不得低于15周岁。因而,可考虑将一般性的最低就业年龄限制降为15周岁,保障未成年人在15岁完成义务教育后的合理就业权。另外,预防童工现象,发展教育与扶贫工作缺一不可。首先,应将预防童工问题与精准扶贫工作相结合。家庭贫困是引发童工问题的重要原因,政府应当将儿童权利的保障、贫困儿童的救济作为精准扶贫工作的重要内容。其次,确保适龄儿童在校学习,是最好的预防童工出现的方式。建议当前通过财政扶持,加快推动农村贫困地区的教育改革。一是提高农村教师待遇,提升农村教师教学能力,进一步完善农村义务教育的水平。二是推动中等职业教育在贫困地区的发展,逐步扩大免费接受中职教育的贫困学生范围。同时,确保中职教学质量稳步提升,科学设计课程结构,注重课程内容的就业导向性。三是地方政府积极推动中职学校与企业之间建立合作,促进企业现代学徒制与中职教育的有效结合,发挥中职教育提高学生就业技能、促进就业的作用,同时增强中职教育对贫困学生的吸引力。
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