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周杰:最新日本能源中长期发展规划“新看点”

2018-07-10 12:46:03    中国经济网

  ——日本“第5次能源基本计划”述评

7月3日,日本政府公布了最新制定的“第5次能源基本计划”,提出了日本能源转型战略的新目标、新路径和新方向,这是一份面向2030年以及2050年的日本能源中长期发展规划的政策指南和行动纲领。根据能源基本法规定,日本能源基本计划须每隔3年修订1次。此次出台的最新计划尽管维持了2014年制定的“第4次能源基本计划”基本框架,甚至未改动到2030年度的电力结构优化目标,即:可再生能源占22~24%,核电占20~22%,火电占56%。核电和火电的高比例目标仍是社会各界质疑和意见对立的焦点。但以巴黎协定国家自主减排目标为基础制定的新计划仍有不少“新看点”:

其一是能源政策制定指导思想出现新变化。日本能源政策在长期实践中所形成的指导思想就是“3E+S”原则,即以能源安全性(Safety)为前提,把能源稳定供给(Energy Security)放在首位,在提高经济效率(Economic Efficiency)实现低成本能源供给的同时,实现与环境(Environment Suitability)的协调发展,也就是安全性与稳定性、经济性和环保性的平衡统一。而此次制定能源政策的指导思想则提出了“3E+S”升级版的新理念,赋予“3E+S”原则新内涵,即:在安全性方面,强调安全优先的前提下,要贯彻通过技术创新和治理结构变革来保障的新能源安全观;在稳定性方面,在提高资源自给率的同时注重提高技术自给率,以确保能源选择的多样性;在经济性方面,在降低供给成本的同时要考虑强化日本产业竞争力的因素;在环保性方面,温室气体排放2030年要比2013年削减26%,到2050年则要削减80%,实现从“低碳化”迈向“脱碳化”的新目标。其中,技术自给率是个全新的概念,它是指针对国内能源消费,利用本国能源技术所能保障的能源供给水平。福岛核事故之后,日本能源自给率从2010年度的20%降至2016年度的8.3%,是发达国家能源自给率最低的国家之一。而新计划则提出用能源技术优势弥补资源不足劣势,将能源技术能力视为能源安全保障、能源稳定供给、脱碳化目标、提高产业竞争力的稀缺资源,不再拘泥于过去物理性的能源自给率,而是通过提高能源技术自给率的新路径来完成国家能源独立的目标。

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