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另一条因素是通胀预期。它有利也有弊。当前,这些预期都很稳定,唯一引起严重担忧的是,市场对未来5年多的通胀(或通胀风险)的预期的降低。这种预期也许会反馈到行为上,产生一种低通胀的自我实现预言。这将抵消劳动力市场压力的症状。然而,在某一时刻,这可能会演变成工资快速升高的局面,升高速度很可能大大高于与稳定的通胀相符的速度。我们以前看到过这种情况。
然而,当前的风险看来并不太大。但是,就像以前一样,这是一个风险管理的问题。我们几乎可以确信,通胀大幅升高至目标以上将带来重大危险。在这种情况下提高通胀目标,必定会摧毁人们对美联储的信心。但出于上述原因,努力达到通胀目标也可能是毁灭性的,也许会把美国带回到其将难以逃脱的衰退中。如果对资产价格的损害很大,大量坏账重新出现,那么情况将尤其如此。不过,在这种情形下,至少短期利率将不得不大幅升高,为美联储提供比现在更大的降息空间。
如果说通胀突然大幅攀升将带来毁灭性后果,那么过早或过分的紧缩,将有同样后果。那可能会进一步拉低通胀,令通胀预期更不稳定。这对经济的削弱将可能非常严重,鉴于降息空间仍然有限,这使得利率不进入负值区间的话,将很难恢复需求。最重要的是,在大衰退造成巨大的、严重破坏政治稳定的冲击之后,长时间的强劲劳动力市场将极为令人渴望,甚至具有治愈作用。
美联储必须在收紧得太快和太慢之间取得平衡。谁也不能确信,目前它做得不对。我认为最可能的情况是,通胀爆炸性上升的几率很低。美联储完全可以慢慢来,与此同时检验美国经济扩大供给的能力。但两方面都存在实实在在的风险。美联储稍微紧缩很可能是正确的。但其必须要小心,不能紧缩得太过头。美联储已在通胀方面赢得了很大信誉。有时候,人们应该把赚到的东西花掉。现在正是这样的时候。
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