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核能发展,安全才能行更远

2017-09-25 07:41:55   新华网

俄罗斯 俄罗斯一直大力推动核电发展。2014年,俄联邦能源部发布的《2035年前俄罗斯能源战略草案》提出,要将核电在电力构成中的比重从当前的16%增加到2035年的22%—23%。俄罗斯还积极开拓海外核电市场,希望以此改变过度依赖石油天然气的单一出口模式。

日本 虽然资源比较匮乏,但核电在日本能源结构中占有举足轻重的地位,在福岛核事故的前一年,日本制订的《能源战略计划》雄心勃勃地提出,要将核电占比从2010年的26%提高到2030年的45%。福岛核泄漏事故不仅沉重打击了日本核电产业,也在很大程度上影响了决策者和公众对核电前景的看法。迫于国内民众的压力,2012年夏天,日本所有核电机组进入停运状态,这意味着占日本发电总量约1/4的核电站不得不停止供电。日本产业界一直坚决反对“零核电”政策,迫使安倍政府重新调整能源结构的远景目标。2014年4月,日本发布的《第四次能源基本计划》认为,核能仍然是重要的基荷电源,但出于安全性的考虑,还是应当尽量减少对核能的依赖程度。此后,日本于2015年开始重启核电机组,不过在民间反核力量的制约下,重启核电的工作进展非常缓慢,目前只有两台核电机组恢复了运行。

三问 发展核能面临什么机遇与挑战?

世界核能发展面临的机遇与挑战并存,紧密联系,甚至可以相互转化。

首先,全球经济和能源需求的增长态势将会维持,亚洲将成为全球能源需求增长中心,有助于核电需求的稳定增长。根据国际能源署预测,2030年,全球能源消费将增长50%,发达国家电力消费将翻番,发展中国家的电力消费更将增长两倍。

其次,关于气候变化的《巴黎协定》的签署,为世界核能的持续发展创造了历史性契机。为实现《巴黎协定》的目标,世界各国必须充分使用各种低碳能源,最为有效的途径是扩大核能的使用。核能既显著减少温室气体的排放,又有效缓解世界数以百万计人口所面临的能源贫困问题。

第三,在安全性、经济性显著提升的基础上,核能发电的成本和效率优势相对于可再生能源发电更为凸显。事实上,从单位发电量的事故死亡人数看,核电造成的死亡人数远低于煤炭、石油、天然气和水电生产因空气污染与事故所产生的损失水平。而且,核电是具有成本竞争力的低碳电源。在不考虑间歇性、电网改造等额外成本的情况下,风电和光伏的单位发电成本仍比核电高22%—40%。另外,相比较于间歇性的可再生能源,核能还具有高效和稳定供应的优点。

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