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核能发展,安全才能行更远

2017-09-25 07:41:55   新华网

二问 为何高度重视核能建设?

核能是一种低排放、高效率的清洁能源,曾经被视为化石能源最有希望的替代者。但核能的发展历程却并非一帆风顺。如果将1954年苏联的奥布宁斯克核电站投入运营视作核能民用化的开始,核能发电迄今已有60多年的历史。在上世纪六七十年代,发达国家曾出现过核电站的建设高潮,两次石油危机更是推动了核电的迅速发展,目前全球正在运行的441个核电站大部分建于此时。新世纪以来,随着全球电力需求的持续增长,以及能源短缺和环境保护的双重挑战,核能作为一种清洁能源,重新引起各国的关注。不少国家纷纷提出了核电发展计划,一些媒体甚至兴奋地预言“核电即将复兴”。但日本福岛核泄漏事故使核电的发展前景又蒙上了一层阴影,各国开始重新审视和调整本国的核能规划。

美国 美国是世界上核电装机容量和核发电能力最大的国家。根据国际原子能机构的数据,截至2015年底,美国正在运营的商用核电机组共99座,当年核发电量为798太瓦时,在电力消费结构中占比19.5%。2014年5月,美国白宫发布的《全方位能源战略:通往经济可持续增长之路》提出,美国鼓励包括核能在内的各种清洁能源的发展。

为了促进经济增长和改善就业,并通过大力发展尖端的清洁能源技术,引领新的清洁能源产业革命,在福岛核事故发生后的第二年,美国核管制委员会批准了美国南方核电运营公司(SNC)Vogtle核电厂3 号、4 号机组的建造和运营联合许可证,这是美国34年来首次批准新建核电厂。目前,总装机容量为5633兆瓦的5台机组正在建设之中。为了抢占未来全球核电技术的制高点,美国众议院在不久前通过了支持非传统核电技术的法案,以鼓励小型模块化反应堆、非轻水堆的先进反应堆等先进核能技术的研发和应用,确保美国在核能产业继续保持技术优势。

德法 这两个国家一直是全球核能应用的重镇。福岛核电站事故发生后,在民众的压力下,德国政府不得不“挥泪斩马谡”,宣布将永久关闭8个核电站,并于2022年前关闭国内所有的核电站。另一个核能大国法国,则仍对核电依依难舍。法国是目前全球核能依赖度最高的国家,2015年核电占全国电力供应比例高达76.3%。受福岛事故的影响,法国政府也不得不调整核电政策,2015年法国颁布的《能源转型法》规定,到2025年核能占法国能源结构的比重将从目前的75%左右下降至50%。即便如此,核电仍将是法国最大的电力来源。

英国 英国也支持发展核电。北海油气资源趋于枯竭,正在运行的核电站也日益老化,这些都将对英国未来的电力供应产生严重影响。因此,近年来英国对发展核电态度积极。2008年1月,英国发布了《直面能源挑战:核电白皮书》,认为核电应该在英国未来能源结构拥有一席之地。2016年9月,英国政府批准了中英法三方合作的欣克利角C项目,这是英国近20年来建设的首座核电站。捷克、罗马尼亚等东欧国家正在积极推动核电站建设,以缓解电力供给不足。值得注意的是,曾经坚定主张弃核的瑞士、瑞典等国,近年来在核电问题上的立场也开始有所缓和。

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