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恐怖主义威胁——“我们这个时代最大的挑战”

2017-09-19 17:02:08   光明网

越反越恐,该如何走出这个怪圈?

防范恐袭越来越难

“最近几年日益猖獗的恐怖主义和‘伊斯兰国’的兴起有着密切关系。”里德表示,虽然在2014年以前也时有恐怖袭击发生,但自从2014年6月极端组织建立所谓“伊斯兰国”之后,全球恐怖主义进入一个新的阶段。在该组织的蛊惑下,有的人思想日益激进,最终陷入恐怖主义的泥潭。

恐怖袭击正变得越来越难以防范。分析指出,目前来看,恐怖势力逐渐转向本土化、小型化,“独狼式”恐袭成为新战略、新战术。中国现代国际关系研究院院长特别助理李伟接受本报采访时说:“‘独狼式’恐袭,是袭击者受到国际恐怖主义影响,自己策划,通常使用民用交通工具和容易得到的工具进行。这种恐袭可以说是防不胜防。”

恐袭本土化的趋势让反恐的形势更加严峻。美国有线电视新闻网刊登国家安全分析师彼得·贝尔根的文章称,如今,随着极端组织“伊斯兰国”在反恐战场上节节败退,不少在伊拉克和叙利亚受过“伊斯兰国”或其他“圣战”组织培训的战斗人员不断回流,对本国形成威胁。

据法国《费加罗报》消息,在2011年到2016年间,全世界共有来自120余个国家的42000名外国“圣战分子”加入了“伊斯兰国”等恐怖组织,其中约有5000人来自欧洲。激进化观察网(由欧委会2013年创立)估计,返回欧洲的人数将在1200到3000之间,其中有很多的妇女和儿童。

然而,要根除恐袭,必须解决恐怖主义产生的深层次原因。但是,要做到这一点的难度显而易见。

专家普遍认为,近几年肆虐欧洲的恐怖主义浪潮和西方新干涉主义有着密不可分的关系。西班牙加利西亚国际政治研究中心主任胡里奥·里奥斯日前撰文指出,“当我们去评论这些恐怖事件的凶手时,即便我们会说这个人很疯狂,或者很空虚,但我们也应当看到,从客观上来说,是我们西方国家的政策造就了这个疯狂的、空虚的凶手。这是我们的失败,或者说是我们一系列政策的失败。从某种意义上来讲,欧洲今天的遭遇,恰是失败的地缘政治战略带来的苦果。”

反恐之路任重道远

“恐怖主义威胁不仅不会在短时间内消失,而且很有可能是我们所处的这个时代最大的挑战。”里德的话道出了众人的担忧。

贝尔根指出,即使“伊斯兰国”现在一败涂地,但是“伊斯兰国”生存的条件依然存在。“伊斯兰国”虽然受重挫,“基地”组织在叙利亚的分支却在复兴,未来,“伊斯兰国”的残兵余勇很可能与“基地”在叙分支合流。而且,这波难民危机助长了欧洲极右民族主义政党的崛起,也将促使一些欧洲穆斯林更赞同激进的“圣战”主义原则。而这些“圣战”主义的推动者在今后数年很有可能培养出“伊斯兰国”的“下一代”组织。

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