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专家:巴西是从金砖国家合作机制中获益最多的国家

2017-08-17 17:37:19   中国青年网

金砖国家合作机制是巴西劳工党政府南南合作战略的重要产物。新兴发展中国家的崛起、美国在伊拉克战争后地位的相对衰落是巴西劳工党政府南南外交的重要驱动因素。此外,还有一些意识形态因素。巴西劳工党有一定的反美色彩,卢拉总统外交战略的设计者吉马良斯(Samuel Pinheiro Guimar?es Neto)将世界分为“主权国家”和“从属国家”、中心国家与外围国家,并将巴西置于后者。他认为,20世纪90年代巴西因对“自由主义的迷恋”(liberal fascination)而对美国友好的政策只会加剧这种从属关系。因此,巴西应“团结所有新兴国家,组成新的政治集团,以更加平等的条件同发达国家谈判”,“改变世界的商业地理”。由此,巴西组建了印、巴、南非三国对话论坛(IBSA)、葡语国家共同体(CPLP)等不同的南南合作机制。巴西与南方不同国家组成的各种集团,被巴西外长阿莫林称为“可变的几何学”游戏,不同的国家集团起着不同的作用。其中,金砖国家合作机制是其南南联盟(South-South Alliance)的轴心。

巴西是从金砖国家合作机制中获益最多的国家

历经十年,金砖国家合作机制取得了巨大的发展,金砖国家在世界地位大幅提升,“十年来,五国经济总量在世界经济中的比重从12%上升到23%,贸易总额比重从11%上升到16%,对外投资比重从7%上升到12%”。金砖国家合作机制日益完善,已成为金砖国家对话与务实合作的重要平台以及推动治理的一支重要力量,其中,巴西是从中获益最多的国家。

首先,金砖国家的务实合作给巴西带来巨大的发展利益。促进贸易和投资便利化是金砖国家合作的重要内容,巴西从中获益颇多。虽然很难确定金砖国家合作机制在多大程度上促进了巴西的出口和投资,但毋庸置疑的是,金砖国家多边以及双边框架下的合作是相互促进的,具有关联性。在贸易方面,金砖国家已成为近年巴西出口增长最快的市场。根据巴西工业、外贸和服务部(MDIC)的数据,金砖国家在巴西出口中的比重从2006年的10.34%上升到22.67%,而同期G7占巴西出口的比重从33.18%下降到23.48%。在投资方面,金砖国家,特别是中国,成为巴西重要的投资来源国。据巴西外贸部((SECEX))和巴西工业、外贸和服务部(MDIC)的数据,2003年1—7月,金砖国家相互直接投资达882.2亿美元,其中巴西获得178.06亿美元,仅次于中国和印度,占金砖国家相互投资总额的20.18%。其中,中国对巴西的投资为127.69亿美元,占金砖国家对巴西投资总额的71.71%。在金砖合作方面,2014年7月金砖国家新开发银行的建立使金砖国家的机制化取得实质性进展。此外,金砖国家间的本币互换、金砖应急储备机制的建立,也为巴西提供了更多的融资渠道和发展资金。2017年4月26日,金砖新开发银行与巴西国家经济和社会发展银行(BNDES)签署了首份针对巴西的贷款协议,协议涉及的贷款总额为3亿美元,贷款期限为12年,将主要用于发展巴西的可再生能源项目。

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