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美国深陷阿片类药物滥用困境(深度观察)

2017-08-10 09:16:00   中国经济网

特朗普8日对媒体表示,阿片类药物危机是美国面临的一大难题。他认为,强有力的执法对实现“无毒品社会”至关重要。

今年7月,司法部破获了美国史上最严重的医保诈骗案,共有医生、护士、药剂师等412人卷入其中,涉案金额高达13亿美元,其中有120人涉嫌滥开和散播阿片类药物。调查人员发现,一些瘾君子聚集在诊所里,等着医生给他们开出大量止痛片。

一些州将阿片类药物危机归咎于医药公司的误导。今年5月,俄亥俄州总检察长起诉5家药企,指控他们误导医生相信阿片类药物不会成瘾。2011年至2015年,俄亥俄州使用的处方止痛药达38亿片,2016年,该州230万人使用处方止痛药,占总人口的1/5。

据普赖斯透露,卫生与公共服务部将联手司法部等机构共同制定应对阿片类药物滥用危机的策略,并且会尽快提交给联邦政府。“打击阿片类药物上瘾危机委员会”还建议,依据《公共卫生服务法》或《灾难救助和紧急援助法》宣布全国进入紧急状态,以便于采取有力措施,并敦促国会拨款应对。

在州政府层面,目前,佛罗里达、马里兰、弗吉尼亚、马萨诸塞、亚利桑那、阿拉斯加等6个州启动了类似紧急状态的机制,及时通报药物过量死亡案例,监测处方药物使用及滥用问题。美国政府和专家还提出了解决危机的其他措施,包括建立处方药检测系统,减少阿片类药物使用,通过新技术改变治疗疼痛的方法。

“铁锈地带”成为“毒品城”温床

分析认为,美国发生的阿片类药物危机是一场公共卫生事件,更反映了美国的经济和社会危机。滥用阿片类药物者多来自中下阶层,如一些低技能劳动工人。高盛经济学家大卫·莫梅克指出,虽然特朗普主张大力发展制造业等传统行业,但面对人工智能技术不断进步,以及全球化进程的日益加深,制造业领域的就业增长日趋饱和,庞大的低技能工人群体的就业机会逐渐消失,其中的一部分工人开始转向阿片类药物或毒品,技能低下,生活困窘,再度用药,形成恶性循环。

近年来,美国“铁锈地带”(主要指美国中西部和东北部一些州)正经历经济结构痛苦转型,很多地方失业率居高不下,成为“毒品城”的温床。而媒体对“毒品城”的报道中,失业率高、人口下降、失去信心等都是高频词汇。彭博社的分析指出,阿片类药物在特定人群中滥用是因为他们觉得社会对他们不公。一些人拥有全职工作却仍然没有余钱,因而转向毒品寻求失去的尊严,这是社会不平等导致人们感到绝望的典型例子。

专家认为,美国发生的这场公共卫生事件危机是经济和社会发展不平等的写照。阿片类药物滥用是美国社会的一个顽疾,如果忽视背后的经济和社会因素,恐怕难以出台有效的措施。

(本报华盛顿8月9日电)

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