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艾滋病疫苗真来了?强生宣布:志愿者100%产生抗体

2017-08-09 12:14:09   北京日报

当时,研究人员对恒河猴试验接种该疫苗,并且用致病性最强的人猴嵌合免疫缺陷病毒(SHIV,类似于人免疫缺陷病毒HIV),6次模拟艾滋病病毒自然感染恒河猴,以检验疫苗效果。结果表明,接种疫苗的12只恒河猴在连续6次暴露于人猴嵌合免疫缺陷病毒后,只有3只免受感染。但与未接种疫苗的对照组12只恒河猴(在3次暴露于人猴嵌合免疫缺陷病毒后全部被感染)相比,马赛克疫苗对恒河猴的保护作用高达87%至90%。

基于这个研究结果,哈佛大学的研究人员推论,马赛克疫苗不仅对人类可能有效,而且也有可能将人感染艾滋病病毒的几率降低约90%。现在,强生公司旗下的杨森制药公司对人进行的appROACH马赛克疫苗试验将人的感染风险降低了94%,说明当初的推测得到了试验的初步检验。

马赛克疫苗的思路是怎么来的?

马赛克疫苗又称镶嵌疫苗,是在2009年泰国进行的艾滋病疫苗RV144大型临床试验之后,成为各国研究人员首选的艾滋病疫苗核心研究。当时泰国的大型研究表明,RV144只能降低31%的HIV感染率,但是已经是最有效的疫苗。

一种疫苗只能对31%的人产生保护显然并不理想,至少需要对60%以上的人产生保护才能称为有效疫苗。后来,研究人员经过广泛深入的研究,认为RV144疫苗的保护效果有限,是因为其抗原的有效刺激不够和其抗原的代表性不足,因此,研发的重心转移到马赛克疫苗上来。对于某种疾病的疫苗设计和研发当然是要依据引发该病的病原体的特征、结构、传播特点和病原体攻击的靶目标等。现在,对艾滋病疫苗的设计转移到艾滋病病毒的结构特点上,因为其结构相当复杂,并且变异性很大。

HIV如果不是世界上最复杂的病毒,也是最复杂的病毒之一。国际病毒分类委员会将HIV分为HIV-1和HIV-2两大类型。目前世界各地的艾滋病主要由HIV-1引起。HIV-2引发的艾滋病主要在西非流行,HIV-2的致病力低于HIV-1,传播速度也比HIV-1慢。HIV-1和HIV-2在基因序列上差异很大,它们的包膜糖蛋白常常不能引起交叉免疫反应。因此,现在研发的艾滋病疫苗主要是针对HIV-1的疫苗。

即便HIV-1内也有很多亚型。艾滋病病毒在结构上非常复杂,亚型较多,如果只选单一的亚型和其中的某一两种基因作为抗原来制造疫苗,即便人体免疫系统能产生抗体,也只是针对某一两种抗原的抗体,不足以对艾滋病病毒造成致命打击,病毒同样可以存活并感染人的免疫T细胞。

因此,不只是临床治疗,尤其在疫苗研发上,临床医生和研究人员特别重视不同基因型的艾滋病病毒所导致的艾滋病。同时,也形成了研发艾滋病疫苗的核心思路,即需要尽量采用艾滋病病毒的所有抗原组分。但是,这是一种理想要求,目前难以达到,就只能退而求其次,采用艾滋病病毒的多种抗原。并且对志愿者的试验也需要多元性和全球性,只有在全球不同地区的国家志愿者身上试验获得效果,才能证明一种疫苗具有广谱抗性(有效性)。这次的appROACH马赛克疫苗就是如此。

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