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俄学者谈苏联解体:对人民来说是最大悲剧 社会倒退

2016-12-26 01:40:53   

“尤其是第一个十年,那是一个困难的时期。”叶弗列缅科表示,生活变化仅是一部分,他的世界观也是在这个时期“同改革时代的幻想诀别了”。

“这件事对我们的意识与心理产生的影响,是创伤式的。”格拉奇科夫感叹说,“对于所有人以及我的家庭来说,这是沉重的时期”。

俄罗斯独联体国家研究所高级研究员弗拉基米尔·叶夫谢耶夫常常会这样假设:“如果苏联没有解体,我们不会有那么多的军事冲突;如果苏联没有解体,数百万的俄语居民不会毫无征兆地成为住在别人国家的人……”他认为,“苏联解体对人民来说是最大的悲剧,也是一次社会的倒退”。

历史不会有“如果”,经历了解体之痛的俄罗斯在“普京时代”迎来了转折,经济开始崛起,越来越多的俄罗斯人感到“生活逐渐重回正轨”,“大国信心”开始恢复。随着90后和00后的出生,苏联以及那段创伤正在许多人的生活中渐行渐远,年轻一代没有历史背负,似乎比他们的父辈更容易“向前看”。

3。“轰然倒塌的背后,是无数不起眼因素的共振”



俄罗斯科学院世界经济与国际关系研究所费多罗夫斯基教授

拉开时间的距离,可以让思考得到验证或是修正。苏联解体、休克疗法、西式民主、俄罗斯重振,经历了这些年之后再回首,又会有怎样的思考?

亚历山大·费多罗夫斯基是俄罗斯科学院世界经济与国际关系研究所的教授,他对于苏联为何解体的看法一直没有改变。他坚持,这是缺少拒绝教条主义的决断力和缺乏市场改革的连贯性造成的,内政外交、经济和社会文化领域改革也因此遇到了官僚体制的严重阻碍。

阿扎洛娃认为,共产党点燃了世界革命,并在苏联确立了建成共产主义的目标。但是在抵达目标前,意识形态淡去,物质资料短缺,这让民众开始更多地衡量生活质量。

1991年的叶弗列缅科在政治主张上支持叶利钦,现在,他的研究增加了些新视角,并在他的新书《创伤后的俄罗斯——国际关系不平衡发展条件下的社会与经济转型》中阐述了他的思考。叶弗列缅科认为,苏联应该被看做是一个复杂的体系,它由意识形态、组织等元素组成。在体系形成的过程中,嵌入了一些内在缺陷,“起初不起眼,但在一定的历史环境下就能够迟滞进程,从而导致体系被破坏。”他所说的“不起眼”因素,包括经济萧条、改革不到位、苏共内部分裂等7种内外因。正是各种因素“共振”,导致了在一定历史环境下苏联的轰然倒塌。

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