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人民日报:欧洲一体化为何受阻?

2016-12-25 03:10:31   

虽然目前欧洲社会尚未丧失活力,一些国家出台的新经济和社会政策取得了一定效果,欧盟一体化也没有就此完全停步,但欧洲内部的分化仍在持续,经济增长的动力依然不足。如果仅仅把民众的利益诉求看成是谋求自身政治利益的工具,抱着旧规则和制度不放,没有认识到社会公平正义的重要性,继续造成各种积重难返的问题,那么,欧洲要想再现昨日的繁荣,恐怕就是困难重重的期许了。

(作者单位:中国社会科学院中国特色社会主义理论体系研究中心)

长期矛盾需要逐步化解

陈琪 梁雪村

过去的两三年间,欧洲接连不断的意外消息引发世界热议:乌克兰危机令欧盟猝不及防,苏格兰独立公投险象环生,希腊企图退出欧元区,英国公投脱欧,法国成为恐怖袭击的重点目标,意大利修宪失败,等等。这些现象,使得本来野心勃勃的欧洲一体化进程受阻。欧洲昔日的光环,现在成了人们口中的感慨。人们不禁要问:欧洲怎么了?

不少人认为,一些国家移民太多,政府变穷,福利体系太昂贵,经济复苏又太缓慢,如果一体化推进过快,国家承受的负担太重。有一个不容忽视的问题是欧盟国家当前共同面临的:一部分民众反对继续推进一体化、反对开放的经济秩序,而另一部分民众则想脱离现有的民族国家自谋生路,两者都反对目前由传统精英主导的政治现实。这种分化局面是由多种因素造成的,市场开放的深入、传统的福利政策、深度一体化均与之有关。

市场开放冲击底层劳动者

在经济全球化浪潮中,有人获益,也有人受损,这是不争的事实。世界银行的数据表明,在全球范围内,国际贸易有利于改善国与国之间的财富分配,但拉大了国家内部不同阶层之间的收入差距。解决这种矛盾的一个方案,是由政府将国际贸易的收益进行有利于公平的二次分配,以缓解因为开放政策而造成的收入差距。然而,这一方案在实践中遇到操作障碍,因为它需要国家内部的高度共识和连贯有效的政治系统,而各国的实际情况往往达不到。如果经济活动的目的不仅仅是增长本身,而是社会发展和人的幸福,那么,国家面对全球市场开放对一国造成的局部冲击,就要扮演重要的缓冲角色。

换句话说,自由开放的推进,并不意味着国家重要性的下降。相反,一个经济体越是频繁、深入地参与国际经济活动,对政府各项能力的要求也就越高。然而,传统上一些欧洲学者认为,是国家拖累了经济,无效而混乱的政府监管和政策限制压抑了社会的创新与活力,高税收降低了企业家的积极性,人为设置的贸易壁垒干扰了商品流动,理想的经济状态是“国家的归国家,市场的归市场”。这种论调迎合了许多上层精英的需求:低干预的国内环境和日益融合的国际市场能最大限度地降低跨国公司、投资银行和大宗物品交易的成本。但是,对社会的中下层劳动者而言,市场所带来的变革并非如此美妙,他们能从中获得的好处有限,而一旦发生危机,他们又最容易受到冲击。

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