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人民日报:欧洲一体化为何受阻?

2016-12-25 03:10:31   

福利政策困难重重

法国近些年来社会结构最重要的变化是什么?有学者说是从一种金字塔式的等级结构变为一场马拉松比赛。过去的法国社会相当于金字塔式的等级结构,人们地位高低不同,但都处在同一个结构之中。而今天的法国像一场马拉松赛,每跑一段都会有人掉队,这些人似乎被甩到了社会结构之外。坚持跑下去的是那些被吸纳进国际经济秩序中去的人,只占就业者的一部分。这种结构变化凸显了主张开放竞争的精英阶层和主张公平保护的普通劳动阶层之间的矛盾。

深度参与国际分工的精英群体在各个层面的竞争中都占据优势,他们要求开放市场、开放投资,反对国家以政治力量保护落后产业。他们追求流动性,在各个市场之间寻找最便宜的货物、劳动力、资本和服务,并从中获利。对彻底国际化了的精英而言,祖国和外国的区别不明显,他们的工作内容和生活方式在哪里都相差无几。与之相反,被甩出社会结构的人群在就业问题上几乎没有选择的余地,他们通常只掌握一两门简单技能,迅速更新的生产力和自动化的普及使他们处于越来越不利的地位。因为语言、文化和知识水平的限制,大部分劳动者很难离开赖以生存的经济体向外迁移。欧洲政治精英所推行的社会经济政策,往往不能及时有效地缓解全球竞争给底层劳动者带来的痛苦。

然而,在劳动力市场上陷入困顿的人们深感无辜。越来越多的行业面临“三十年河东、三十年河西”的局面,再明智的个人决策都无法抵御市场的波动。比如,英国格拉斯哥的众多造船厂在鼎盛时期雇佣了7万多名工人,而英国造船业日后的集体衰落在彼时几乎不可想象。如今当街买醉的失业救济金申领者,曾经也是朝气蓬勃的产业工人。从个人角度来看,高风险、高流动性的经济秩序需要相对稳固有效的集体保障制度作为补充。欧洲长期以来由政府信用背书的全民福利制度就是这样一个平衡方案,这也解释了为什么欧洲的每一场口水仗都能与福利问题扯上关系。但如今政府财政状况不佳,这一方案的持续运行困难重重。

一体化的正当性面临挑战

欧洲国家陷入这样一种矛盾:一体化进程力图消灭国家之间的边界,但福利体系的运行却离不开民族国家的框架。人类社会在相当长的历史时期内,经济活动的成败被视为私人问题,不具备政治上的重要性。然而,民族主义的兴起改变了政经分离的状态。民族成员“生来平等”,社会成员在家庭、性别、阶级、财富、教育等方面的差异,不再被视作社会存在的“自然前提”。换句话说,民族主义在确立成员间平等地位的同时,也间接地确立了彼此承担的道德义务。

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