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民法总则为中国好人“撑腰” 专家解读做好人的“正确姿势”

2017-09-27 18:17:51   

援手帮路人 专家告诉你见义勇为需要“正确姿势”

但是,如果施救人有重大过失、特别粗心甚至故意造成受益人损害,是不是也不承担责任?王成认为,第184条并不意味着可以免除所有一切可能的责任,实际应用中还是应该排除特殊情况。

程新文认为,由于民法总则尚未付诸施行,法律施行后其司法层面的反响难以准确预估。从理论上分析,对因好意施救行为造成受助人损害,受助人及其近亲属向施救人提起侵权损害赔偿之诉,要求施救人赔偿受助人所受损害的,人民法院可以依据具体案件情况,分析认定是否可以适用该条规定,对施救人给予免责。在施救人的救助行为确实符合本条规定的免责要件时,将依法获得民事责任的豁免。

“第184条的紧急救助行为的构成要件,主要包括三个方面:一是救助人的紧急救助行为是基于自愿,也就是通常所说的见义勇为、助人为乐的行为,而不是专业救助行为。”程新文说。

“二是救助发生在紧急情势之下,即受助人的人身健康等处于紧急情况需要获得立即救助。三是受助人所受损害与紧急救助行为之间具有因果关系。如果损害的发生是因紧急救助之前或之后的救助人行为造成的,则不能适用本条法律规定予以免责。”

帮忙不添乱 呼唤更多人学习急救知识和技能

如何像专业人员一样迅速判断出倒地不起的人需要什么帮助?中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院急诊室主任杨艳敏告诉记者,第一时间对需要施救的人进行心脏按压复苏是不需要犹豫的。

“人一旦发生心脏骤停,通常10秒左右意识丧失,30秒呼吸停止,4分钟后发生脑死亡,心脏按压可以手动帮助被施救者恢复血液流动。即便被施救者并不是心脏骤停,心脏按压的动作也不会对其造成损害。”杨艳敏说。

如何让更多人具备基本的急救常识?寓教于乐的科普是很好的途径之一。北京协和医院胸外科医生邴钟兴主演的《最炫急救风》医学科普MV今年在网络热播,将双手交叉掌根发力、用上半身垂直下压等知识重点融入其中,通过鲜活的演示让更多人了解心肺复苏急救时的关键要诀。

“若有路人能够及时为患者进行必要的紧急救护,坚持等到专业的医护人员赶到,将大大提高急危重患者救治率。”杨艳敏说。

不少专业人员还提到,对心脏骤停患者,只做心肺复苏有时难以抢救过来,需要使用除颤仪,建议推广在机场、体育场、地铁站等人流密集的场所配备除颤仪。

不过,记者在采访中了解到,了解除颤仪使用方法的普通人寥寥,大部分普通群众几乎没有接受这方面培训的机会。深圳市卫计委相关负责人告诉记者一组数字,目前深圳市市民急救知识和技能普及率仅为1%,而发达国家和地区的普及率多数超过10%,在日本的中学生中甚至达到92%。

“《中国心血管病报告》显示,近年来我国急性心肌梗死死亡率总体呈上升态势。从之前培训的情况看,公众对急救知识有较强的学习热情,还需要进一步加强培训普及。”解放军总医院心内科主任陈韵岱说。

王成说,民法总则第184条通过法律形式让好人出手没了后顾之忧,但要做到有效及时的帮助,相关部门和社会组织应该加强急救知识和技能的培训,才能让更多好人出手更专业。(采写记者:高洁、林苗苗、王丰、孙飞、李放)

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