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至于对技术技能人才的定位,至少可以从“技术教育”和“技能教育”这两个维度来理解。“技术教育”是一种学科专业教育,高职的“技术教育”是“应用技术教育”,更偏向于学科专业中的应用实践教育。而“技能教育”是一种基于职业资格的教育,既有岗位知识的学习要求,更强调岗位操作技能的训练。我国的职业技术教育更多地强调了两者的联系。
我国高职教育关于“高素质技术技能人才”培养目标定位,其内涵和外延的解释自由度比较大,并不像普通高校人才培养目标、各学位人才规格定位那么清晰和准确。尤其是在新技术、新行业、新业态、新模式不断变革的今天,岗位、职业和技能要求在发生深刻的变化,与生产建设管理服务一线密切相连的高职教育,在人才培养的目标定位和手段方法上必须探寻更准确的定位。
2 破解政策尴尬,探寻坚实保障
我国高等教育的毛入学率从2016年起已达到42.7%,标志着我国已进入了国际公认的高等教育大众化阶段,而高职教育成为我国高等教育的重要组成部分。目前全国有高职院校1359所,已经超过高等学校总数的50%,高职在校生早在2014年就已突破1000多万,已接近高校在校生人数的50%。从数量上讲,高职教育是我国高等教育真正的半壁江山。在我国高等教育从精英教育走向大众化教育,进而发展到普及化教育的过程中,高职教育功不可没。然而,高职教育长期身陷“国家很重视,企业离不开,社会看不起”的窘境,究其原因,除了中国传统文化中有轻视职业技能的偏见外,国家在法律层面尚未建立职业资格准入制度,行业企业在职业教育中的主体地位缺失,以及职业院校本身的办学水平有待进一步提升等都是深层次的因素。但就现实而言,高职教育需要突破政策保障的两个限制:
其一,经费保障政策不够到位。国际上一般认为,对职业教育的投资应是普通教育的2.48倍。而据《报告》指出,2016年全国高等教育经费总投入10110亿元,其中高等职业教育经费总投入为1828亿元,仅占18%。同时,高等职业院校生均财政拨款水平差异很大,尽管国家已明确要求:到2017年,高职生均拨款经费应达到12000元,但全国尚有18个省份对公办高职院校的生均财政拨款中位数低于该标准。目前,高等教育的“另一半”,普通高校,正在如火如荼地开展“双一流”项目申报和评议,这是普通高校又一次大发展的好机遇。相形之下,高职教育在我国总体上还处于大力发展需要财政专项资金积极引导的阶段,前10年启动的示范校、骨干校建设,中央财政总共投入45亿,相比于同期对普通高校的投入,钱并不算多,但起到了“事半功倍”的作用,产生的效益是有目共睹的,高职教育可以说“给点阳光就灿烂”。
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