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歼15为何身价达4亿?光发动机就值6600万

2017-09-03 18:50:49   中国青年网

这一数字的得出,是基于在我国自主研制四代机的过程中,顾诵芬院士的《顾诵芬文集》中具有很强参考意义的数字。顾老在文中披露了当时对四代机研制成本的估算,文中写道“我们参照国内第三代战斗机歼-10和歼-11的研制费用及目前的单机价格,按2002年的币值,进行了匡算和分析,初步结果是总研制经费约需371亿元,包括制造试验试飞飞机8架及预生产型飞机6架。其中飞机机体研制费约200亿元,发动机研制费约60亿元,机载电子设备研制费约75亿元,机载武器研制费约36亿元。此费用与第三代战斗机歼-10和歼-11的发展和引进费用总和大致相当。单机价格4.5亿—5亿元,略高于引进苏-27的3500万美元。考虑第四代战斗机技术集成度的重大提高,飞机的作战效费比明显好于第三代战斗机。”

顾院士的这段描述针对的是四代机,而且顾院士的4.5亿-5亿元的设想与目前我国四代机歼-20的实际成本可能有较大出入,因为歼-15的价格显然已经达到这一水平,歼-20只会更高。但反向思考,既然顾院士估算的单机成本与歼-15基本类似,那么我们从价格反推,可知歼-15的研发成本也很可能在350亿-400亿元左右。

不过,研发成本的摊销是按照预期产量来进行的。假设歼-15的研发成本为400亿人民币,预期产量为200架,那么每架歼-15的摊销费用就是2亿人民币,如果预期产量是300架,那么摊销金额就会降低至为1.3亿元/架。因此,如果歼-15的生产线能够持续下去,海军持续采购,未来歼-15的价格还会有下调的空间。

那么,除了研发成本摊销,歼-15单价的大头还有哪些呢?

* 发动机

去年珠海航展期间,曾有报道称中国再次向俄罗斯订购100台AL-31发动机。据俄罗斯专家当时的估算,单台AL-31的价格为3300万人民币左右,由于每架歼-15需要2台AL-31,因此歼-15的成本中,发动机至少要占据6600万元人民币。

* 材料以及人工成本

与美英法等国的飞机制造商不同,中国与俄罗斯的飞机制造材料以及人工成本是相对低廉的。而且随着产量的提高和技术熟练程度的提高,单架战斗机的人工成本会逐步降低。

* 利润

军品销售的毛利率非常高。读者若有兴趣,可以查阅我国一家以军方为主要销售对象的上市公司,天和防务的财务报表。据统计,该公司的毛利率曾一度高达96%,最低也在50%以上。沈飞的毛利率自然不能与天和防务相比,但军工产品的高毛利率是一个客观事实。笔者前文提到,因为军事工业的特殊性和封闭性,军方在采购产品时会给予制造商一个较高的毛利率以保障企业持续的研发能力。如果我们假设沈飞的平均毛利率为30%,那么每架歼-15的毛利就将达到1.2亿元。

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