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10级强震不倒 故宫古建抗震功夫是如何炼成的

2017-08-25 17:07:13   央广网

理念先进 强震不倒靠隔震

故宫建筑模型表现出的“强震不倒”靠的是什么?周乾指出,中国是世界上最早将隔震理念应用到建筑中的国家,故宫建筑的设计建造中充分考虑了抗震的需求,采用了多项隔震技术。

所谓建筑隔震,就是在建筑基础部位安放可运动装置;地震发生时,通过装置的运动来耗散、吸收部分地震能量,并错开地震波的频率,从而减轻地震对建筑的损害。

故宫古建筑的隔震是如何实现的呢?周乾举例解释道,比如建筑的柱根并非插入地底下,而是平摆浮搁在柱顶石上。地震作用下,柱根在柱顶石上往复运动,产生摩擦滑移隔震效果。

故宫古建筑的梁与柱采用榫卯节点形式连接,梁端做成榫头形式,插入柱顶预留的卯口中。地震作用下,榫头与卯口之间反复开合转动,并产生小量拔榫。拔榫即榫头从卯口拔出,但不是脱榫,榫头始终搭在卯口位置。这种相对转动也是摩擦减震、隔震机理的体现。

柱顶之上为斗拱。斗拱由坐、拱、翘、升等小尺寸构架由下至上层层叠加而成。地震作用下,这些细小构件之间相互挤压、错动,可耗散大量地震能量,并能够延长建筑的晃动周期,产生隔震效果。地震结束后,这些小构件基本能恢复到初始位置,并保持完好。此外,厚重的屋顶犹如一个胖子,在外力作用下晃晃悠悠的往复摇摆,但始终保持稳定不倒,起到了很好的隔震效果。

力求真实 建造体现故宫建筑特征模型

太和殿是紫禁城内体量最大、等级最高的建筑物。按英国摄制组最初的设想,他们希望能复制太和殿的模型进行地震测试。

但受试验条件限制,建筑模型将在一个长宽均为3米的震动平台上接受地震考验,这意味着要按1∶20比例缩小建造太和殿模型。“缩小20倍后,太和殿模型中木柱便只有火柴棍大小,会导致试验严重失真。”周乾指出。

为了找到一个既能体现故宫建筑典型构造特征,又能满足试验要求的古建筑,周博士和摄制组导演反复论证研讨。最后,他们决定以故宫南三所大门为原型,按照清工部《工程做法则例》相关规定,对其开间尺寸进行适当调整,加工成缩尺比例约为1∶2的试验模型。

周乾介绍,模型建造过程中,瓦作、木作、石作等所有工序严格按照清工部《工程做法则例》进行施工。《工程做法则例》是清代官方颁布的建筑施工工艺标准。

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