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高温作业,“清凉权”你享有了吗?

2017-08-16 10:45:43   新华网

据《人民日报》报道,6月以来,全国共有604个气象站日最高气温达到“极端事件”监测标准,其中新疆吐鲁番(49.0℃)、托克逊(48.8℃)以及陕西旬阳(44.7℃)等139站,日最高气温突破历史极值。7月7日至15日,我国北方出现大范围持续高温天气,南疆、内蒙古西部等地超过40℃。7月中下旬,南方也不甘示弱,重庆江津42.5℃、浙江桐庐42.2℃、安徽霍山42℃,中东部16个省(区、市)有59站的最高气温突破历史极值。

今年,陕西西安异常高热。据报道,7月20日,45岁的农民工何贵平收工后晕倒,经抢救无效死亡;7月21日凌晨,另一位40多岁杨姓农民工晕倒送医后,不幸死亡。西安交大一附医院7月24日晚接诊7例热射病患者,3人不幸死亡,患者多为户外工作者。公开报道显示,截至7月25日,西安市至少已有6人因高温罹患热射病死亡,多为建筑工人、环卫工等户外工作人员。

不只在西安,近来多地接连发生多起农民工高温猝死事件。在为生命的不幸离去扼腕叹息时,更要对高温劳动者保护现状反思。

  高温劳动法律保护力度偏弱

《办法》第17条规定,劳动者从事高温作业的,依法享受岗位津贴。用人单位安排劳动者在35℃以上高温天气从事室外露天作业以及不能采取有效措施将工作场所温度降低到33℃以下的,应当向劳动者发放高温津贴,并纳入工资总额。

上海江三角律师事务所北京分所律师李晓敏接受采访时说,高温津贴是对劳动者在夏季高温环境下作业付出的超常劳动消耗的一种额外补偿,《办法》明确将高温津贴“纳入工资总额”。“可见,高温津贴的性质应属于工资。根据法律规定,支付高温津贴也就是用人单位的法定义务,支付形式应为法定货币,单位不得以实物及有价证券形式替代。”

对于违反高温津贴、工作时间的处理,《办法》第21条第2款规定,用人单位违反国家劳动保障法律、行政法规有关工作时间、工资津贴规定,侵害劳动者劳动保障权益的,由县级以上人力资源社会保障行政部门依法责令改正。

“‘依法责令改正’的罚则过于偏软,容易造成用人单位不主动履行,一旦劳动监察等部门查处到了就纠正,查处不到就省下这笔高温费。用人单位违法成本太低,不利于劳动者合法权益的保护。”李晓敏说。

“之所以这样规定,是有原因的。”天津大学法学院讲师杨雅婷博士接受采访时认为,根据立法法规定,部门规章规定的事项应当属于执行法律或者国务院的行政法规、决定、命令的事项,不得设定减损公民、法人和其他组织权利或者增加其义务的规范。针对“克扣或者无故拖欠劳动者工资报酬的”,《劳动保障监察条例》第26条仅规定责令限期支付,逾期不支付的,向劳动者加付“应付金额50%以上1倍以下”的赔偿金。“因此,《办法》只能在此范围内设定责任,这也正是高温劳动保护的‘软肋’。”

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