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机遇与挑战:“智能代工”现象观察

2017-08-08 10:00:55   新华网

人工智能引发就业思考

据国外专家预测,到2025年将有很多职业会因人工智能的出现而消失。工人、翻译、记者、保安、销售、司机、家政等职业都有可能被机器人所取代。

目前,我国的就业形势并不乐观。仅2017年就有800万大学毕业生需要就业。今年的《政府工作报告》也指出,城镇新增就业要达到1100万人以上。

“如果一味地推动‘智能代工’,未来可能会对我国就业形势带来冲击,引发诸多社会矛盾。”采访中,有业内人士对此表示担忧。

中国民营经济研究会理事、财经评论员谭浩俊并不认同此类观点。他表示:“这只是一种假设,是假设机器人市场一直保持快速发展的势头。而从实际情况来看,可能没有想象的那么可怕。”

随着“智能代工”走进人们生活,整个社会的商业结构势必也要随之进行格局更新,甚至重塑。

“发展智能制造,绝不是换几个机器人、多几台数控机床那么简单。”徐工集团副总经理杨勇说,徐工集团智能制造模式以智能化装备研发、工业互联网集成应用为抓手,通过智能化升级、制造过程信息系统的集成应用,实现研发及制造自动化、精益化、数字化和智能化,而这些恰恰需要对人类智慧的尊重和敬畏。

今年元旦起,南京埃斯顿机器人工程有限公司每月都为合作客户组织3天的技能培训,每次规模约30人。“机器换人,带来新的用工荒。”公司市场负责人赵鲁说,机器换了人,还要靠专业的人操作,不然买回去也玩不转。一些企业投入上百万元甚至上千万元,改造自动化生产线,但很多人不会操作,不少设备最终没派上用场。

被机器换下来的工人,究竟该往哪里去?“‘智能代工’后会出现劳动力过剩现象,应该建立新型劳动关系来适应这种改革,让人去做更高级的劳动。企业应该拿出更多的力量去培养员工向高等级方向发展,用过剩劳动力再造来缓解新的用工荒。”苏州市经信委副主任李忠说,机器换人不是简单地用机器替换人力,实质是以装备更新为载体的技术创新、工艺创新和管理创新。对于这一过程中出现的难题,政府部门要加强相关扶持政策的研究,同时积极组织机器人企业与需求企业对接,让智能化更好地“换”出新动能、新发展。

人类的思维和创新能力是人工智能无法取代的,人工智能的发展也会衍生出许多新的职业。“人工智能的各项研究不是为了取代人类,而是为了更好地服务于人类。”李忠告诉记者。

谭浩俊认为,未来以人工智能行业为核心的相关产业、技术、服务类工作将成为国内乃至全球最吃香的“黄金职业”。只不过机会是留给有准备的人的,与其忧虑,不如更新观念去获取新知,及时抓住人工智能环境下的新机遇。(记者 刘巍巍 陈毓珊)

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