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人工智能标准有待厘清

2017-08-02 09:39:25   新华网

人工智能现在是一个大热的词儿,彭博信息研究公司的调查结果表明,最近两年,人工智能在很多公司的电话会议记录中出现的频率大幅上升,收购人工智能的意向也开始增多。不过,人们对人工智能的认识却莫衷一是,但凡和自动化沾边的软件、机器等,常常被放进人工智能这个大筐里。

目前人们对人工智能的认识,其实大多来自小说、电影中的艺术形象,从电影《异形》中的冷血仿真人大卫,到《星球大战》中萌感十足的机器人C—3PO。这些形象往往具有与人类相仿的外形、思维方式甚至感情,并且在力量等方面超过人类。基于这种认识,人工智能常常被等同于机器人;“阿尔法狗”则让一些人把人工智能与计算机程序画上了等号;甚至推特之前对内容进行简单的优化,也被一些人认为推特在努力“让人工智能变得更加智能”……

讨论人工智能的标准,得从计算机的诞生说起。上世纪50年代以来,“图灵测试”普遍被认为是判断机器能否称为人工智能的标准。但在很长一段时间里,人工智能仅停留在研究阶段,2006年开始的第三次人工智能热潮,将人工智能从实验室推向了实际应用,并创造出真正的价值,人工智能成为一个新的投资风口。

人工智能的核心在于三大技术汇流:一是以深度学习为核心的算法的演进;二是计算机处理能力和运算速度的提高,能高效识别文字,能听声辨图;三是互联网技术的发展,产生广泛、海量的数据。“机器”凭借卓越的计算能力、利用深度学习方法、以海量数据为素材进行训练,智能程度显著提高。就如美国佐治亚理工学院研究者查尔斯·伊斯贝尔所描述的:真正的人工智能要求计算机程序或机器展示出自我管理能力、表达情绪和创新性。因此,当前的人工智能=深度学习+大数据,这是一个最具时代精神、也最为普遍接受的认识。

人工智能并不总以机器人的形态出现,在很多情况下,它甚至是以不可视的形态存在的。苹果手机的语音助手“Siri”就是只闻其声、不见其形。相反,以机器人甚至人形机器人形态出现的机器,有许多并未达到人工智能的程度,而且,人工智能也不是超级人脑,因为它与人类大脑的工作原理存在巨大差别。

明确界定人工智能,为的是让人工智能更加有序地发展。我们既不能将人工智能泛神化,让产业失去起码的准入门槛,企业可以随便蹭“热点”,随心所欲为自己五花八门的产品贴上“人工智能”的标签;另一方面也无需将其妖魔化,至少在可见的未来,人工智能并不能凌驾于人类之上,更不会出现毁灭人类的可怕后果。在人工智能本性问题的讨论上,佐治亚理工学院交互计算教授伊恩·博戈斯特的观点或许更加接近真相:它们是人类制造的装置,运行人类编写的软件,充斥着二者的优缺点。当然,这样的观点并不能改变人工智能成为下一个技术前沿和产业风口的现实,也削弱不了其打破世界秩序的潜力。(李晓华)

责任编辑:韩佟 CL1368
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