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破译“藏地密码”——“第三极”科考追踪

2017-08-04 16:34:42   新华网

取冰芯要爬冰卧雪,取湖底岩芯则须乘风破浪。

“我看见湖那边乌云密布,还暗自庆幸躲过了一场大雨。谁知没过多久,我们这边浪头就两三米高,我们都快控制不住小艇了。”一位在色林错湖面飘荡了近15个小时、最终在黑夜踏上坚实陆地的女科考队员带着哭腔说。她的脸上还有斑斑盐渍,那是咸涩的湖水拍打在脸上留下的“纪念”。

壮美的色林错,这个传说中与格萨尔王降服的妖魔有关的藏北湖泊,向科考队员们展现了它令人生畏的一面。

知其险,仍要向险而行。

青藏高原分布着全球海拔最高、数量最多、面积最广的湖泊群,这些湖泊总体上仍在持续扩张。最引人注目的莫过于色林错,它的面积在过去四十年间增加逾四成,现已超越纳木错,成为西藏第一大湖。

徐柏青认为,湖泊扩张是青藏高原正在经历环境巨变的表现之一。其背后的环境作用机制是什么?带来的影响是什么?未来变化趋势是什么?这些问题都极具研究价值。

科考队这次在色林错成功钻取了10米长的沉积岩芯。这是迄今在色林错钻取的最长的沉积岩芯,据此可研究近两万年的环境变化。

岩层化石封存“沧海桑田”

1.8亿年前,如今的青藏高原南部地区还是一片汪洋。而在地质时期的某一时刻,这片海洋消失,随后地表不断隆起,形成了今天的“世界屋脊”。沧海桑田,曾在地球“第三极”真实上演。

探究高原隆升的过程与机制,一直是青藏高原研究中的一大热点。中科院青藏高原研究所副研究员许强是古生态与古环境考察队的一员,从事地质学研究的他,这次需要探究青藏高原中央分水岭山脉的隆升历史,及其在亚洲水系形成演化中的角色。

“中央分水岭是青藏高原核心带发育的一个长约2500公里的山脉带,可以说是青藏高原的‘脊柱’。”许强说,“它称得上是一条‘星球级的分水岭’。”

“这条‘脊柱’通过什么过程,在什么时间点塑造了高原的气候、水系和矿产分布等,至今仍没有搞清。”许强说,考察队利用唐古拉山花岗岩低温热年代学的研究方法,与稳定同位素研究相结合,以期更加全面地了解中央分水岭山脉的形成时代和高度变化。目前初步认为,唐古拉山一线在距今5000万年前可能隆升到今天的高度。

而中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所副研究员吴飞翔团队,近日则在高原中部的伦坡拉和尼玛盆地发现了大量热带鱼类化石群落。这些种类与今天本地区所特有的鲤科裂腹鱼类完全不同,可证明该区域在2600多万年前曾处于暖湿环境,其海拔不会高于2000米。

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