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专家谈茂县山体垮塌成因:警报能否在灾害前拉响

2017-06-26 05:22:15   

降雨,诱发滑坡的“最后一根稻草”

“连续的小雨就像在破碎的岩石上浇油一样,使得已经处于临界状态的岩石破碎,发生滑坡。”卢耀如告诉记者,这些现象在其他地区也出现过,像2001年四川武隆地区滑坡,就是边坡没有处理,连续小雨后就滑塌了下来。

“从此次事故情况看,‘降雨诱发’正是产生滑坡的‘最后一根稻草’。”何思明也说。

此次灾害的滑坡体约800万立方米,在100秒时间内,平面滑动距离约2500米至3000米。何思明对此解读说,滑坡类型有岩质滑坡、土质滑坡两类,及高速和低速两种情况。

“从现场考察情况看,当地属高山峡谷地带,滑坡山体属顺层变质砂岩滑坡,海拔高度约3400米、高度差超过1000米,坡度在50度至60度之间,属于高速顺层滑坡,冲击力非常大。”他说,高山峡谷区滑坡通常具有高位、高速、远程等特点,滑坡体在运动过程中会形成碎屑流,具有非常强的破坏能力。

高位滑坡往往冲击速度快、面积大。也正因为高位、高速,滑坡体下落后会形成碎屑,其对地面冲击也并非整体,而是形成了很多岩石块组成的碎屑流,也就是“崩滑碎屑流”,其对受灾区域造成的灾害范围也更大。

预警需长期研究,目前并非无计可施

地震造成的地表结构疏松,往往是造成滑坡的主要潜在因素。资料显示,2008年汶川地震后,四川省国土资源部门截至同年6月5日的灾害调查中,就在重灾区的51个县市区排查出地质灾害点6387处,主要为滑坡、崩塌和不稳定斜坡;2013年芦山地震后,截至当年5月的排查中,又新增地质灾害1447处,其中滑坡419处、崩塌573处。而此次发生地点,与上述两次地震都属于长约500公里、宽约30—40公里的龙门山断裂带。

卢耀如说,很多人一般认为,地震发生后,没有坍塌的地方就没有问题了。但地震造成的影响、不稳定的效应其实是长期存在的,必须要认真对待。何思明同样说,汶川、芦山地震发生后,关于龙门山断裂带潜在滑坡点的识别,是一项长期的过程。“土质滑坡的可以通过地表变形初步进行判断。但岩质滑坡突发性强、隐蔽性强,往往难于预警。”他说,对潜在岩质滑坡点的识别,目前无法通过简单的遥感技术、卫星图片等完成,而是需要长期的研究,“这主要包括两方面,一方面是地质勘测技术的更新,另一方面是灾害理论研究深入。”

不过以现有科学技术,对岩质滑坡预警也并非完全无计可施。何思明介绍,目前可采用声发射或微震技术用于岩质滑坡灾害点监测,这是针对岩石在变形破裂过程中产生的声学信号进行监测的技术,“但需要专业人员技术装备、较高的成本,往往对大面积、大范围的地质灾害高发区难以全面覆盖。”

对于灾后重建问题,卢耀如强调,岷江地区两岸还是比较危险,要注意周边的稳定性,相关工程要采取措施最大限度地保障居民的安全。

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