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国家能源局原局长:希望有企业站出来说不要补贴

2017-05-06 20:21:21   

建议以电代油,以煤代油

说到能源安全,我认为最重要的还是石油供应安全。电力、煤炭都不是问题。今年一季度,中国已成为世界上最大的石油进口国,石油对外依存度65.2%,大约1/6的石油用作化工原料生产乙烯等,5/6还是作为燃料主要用于交通运输。尽管新能源汽车也在发展,但和传统燃油车比还是少数。石油用于发电的比重越来越少。

2016年中国的原油产量2亿吨,世界排名第五。同年进口量已经达到3.8亿吨。美国一些预测机构甚至认为我国石油对外依存度能达到80%。我曾经提议搞石油替代产品,以电代油,以煤代油。过去生产乙烯都是石油做原料,现在已经成功实现煤制乙烯。全国大概建成有18套煤制烯烃装置,年生产能力1000万吨乙烯。

发展电动汽车方兴未艾,除了减少排放,电动汽车是最典型的以电代油。电动汽车最关键的还是动力电池技术,目前以三元锂电池为主流,无论是特斯拉的镍钴铝锂、比亚迪的磷酸铁锂,还是最近银隆的钛酸锂,都属于三元锂电池。

也有企业仍然关注超级电容和燃料电池的开发,日本丰田本田都推出了氢燃料电池,丰田希望2018年进入中国市场。锂电池受到续航距离、充电时间和电量衰减的制约,容重比比较小。电池重量重,还要防止自燃。燃料电池的催化剂较贵,基础设施和制氢大规模产业化不成熟。石墨烯同样没有真正进入实际应用。今后储能电池的发展方向究竟是锂电池、燃料电池、还是超级电容?还有待观察。

 希望有企业站出来说不要补贴

这几年中国能源领域发生了里程碑式的变化。改革开放以来中国一直处于电力供应的紧张状态,拉闸限电成为那个年代的写照,2014年以后这一状态发生了历史性的转折,从缺电转为电力供应过剩,发电设备的发电小时数逐年下降。2016年年发电小时数已经降到了3785小时,下降了203小时。而火电机组设计的年平均发电小时是5500小时,已经影响了发电企业的效益

去年因为煤价较低,发电企业效益可观。但随着煤价回升,发电企业感到了压力,发电企业重蹈钢铁、煤炭产能过剩的担忧越来越大。出现这一转折的原因是我国多年持续不断的高强度的电力建设。1949年解放时我国装机容量才173万千瓦,改革开放初期1978年5712万千瓦,1987年1亿千瓦,1994年2亿千瓦,2016年16.5亿千瓦。2005年以后几乎每年新增1亿千瓦。

我国火电机组的先进性强于美国,每千瓦时煤耗也达到了世界先进水平。但发电装机容量的持续增长也带来了发展的烦恼,由于在建机组很多,今后几年装机容量还将增长,发电小时数还会下降。这两年弃风弃光弃水报道很多,甚至也发生了弃核。这么多的浪费实在可惜!每个人都能说出一大堆理由,但我认为根本原因是出现了电力的过剩。现在风电加光伏只占全国发电量的4%,如果输配电和储能装置跟得上,这点电不应该弃之不用。电网公司有个10%可再生能源电力配备90%火电的理论,简称“打捆外送”。地方政府也愿意这么做,拉动了地方建设。如果这个理论成立,风电光电还不如不上,因为每增加10%风光电就要增加90%的煤电。

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