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专家:论作为核心价值的民主对深化改革的意义
2016-11-04 20:25:21 《中共宁波市委党校学报》 作者:顾肃
全面深化改革看起来是经济和社会的改革,但其根子却在政治改革,需要进一步发展政治民主。最大限度地集中全体人民的智慧,调动一切积极因素,关键也在于发扬民主。克服经济和社会发展的障碍,大多与如何合理而明智地运用权力有关,这就要克服政府权力机构结构性的问题。应当看到,一些人将权力与资本相结合,形成了垄断或准垄断的经济力量,阻碍进一步的改革。官商勾结,一些公司承办的公共工程中价高质劣,糟蹋纳税人的钱财。市场准入上的障碍大多与此相关。以多种所有制的企业竞争而言,国有企业在国民经济中承担重要的角色,但也占有了相当一些方面的优势,是民营企业所不能比拟的。例如,在取得贷款和税收优惠方面,国企占有明显的优势。民营企业尤其是中小企业经常求贷无门,这对扩大生产、发展经济是机会上的不平等。在经济条件上的同等国民待遇,仍然是需要努力争取的目标。在进入市场、发展经济贸易上的平等权利和同等待遇,需要政治民主的保障。
全面改革的关键在于治理能力强、运作高效、作风清廉的政府。作风懈怠、惰政、一心谋私的官员是不可能推进改革车轮向前的。在这方面,仍然存在相当多的问题需要解决。比如,一些地方和部门的政府官员腐败严重,贪污受贿,徇私舞弊。尤其是在政府官员和公务人员的选择过程中,一些地方仍然存在任人唯亲,提拔起来担任重要领导职位的人既无德,又无才,平庸无能,在其位不为人民办事,造成公共资源的巨大浪费。必须克服干部选任上的腐败,才能保持高效清廉的官员队伍。从根本上说,用人制度上的腐败是选拔制度不民主造成的,少数人垄断组织大权,以黑箱作业进行干部任命。这种组织弊端正需要建立党内外的民主选拔干部的机制才能予以克服。坚持民主、公开、竞争、择优,提高选人用人公信度,形成充满活力的选人用人机制,促进优秀人才脱颖而出,是培养造就高素质干部队伍的关键。坚持五湖四海,拓宽视野选拔干部,广辟途径培养干部,满腔热情爱护干部,严格要求管理干部,把各方面优秀人才集聚到党和国家事业中来。
干部选拔任免上的负责制度,防止不称职的腐败分子进入干部队伍,仅仅靠组织部门把关是不够的,还需要各级人民代表大会认真审查把关,实行民主监督。目前已经揭发出来的周永康、徐才厚等腐败大案,一个重要的教训是以权谋私,在干部任命上搞一言堂,甚至卖官鬻爵,收受巨额贿赂,将政府官职当作商品出售,严重破坏了组织原则,败坏干部任免的风气。因此,需要严把干部任免关,需要健全“一府两院”由人大产生、对人大负责、受人大监督的制度。所有行政部门的首长由同级人大选举产生,受人大监督,定期向人大报告工作,接受人大代表的质询、监督。对不称职、违纪的官员,也应当由人大及时地弹劾、罢免。人大的常委应当专职化,分设专业委员会,对口监督相关部门,包括其干部的任免。
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