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长征五号首飞成功 未来将承担探月探火任务

2016-11-04 05:02:08   京华时报

>>技术新

  火箭主承力构件用3D打印

长征火箭从2米25、3米35直径,到现在的5米直径,不仅仅是简单的腰围增加,而是巨大的技术跨越。

这个“大力士”可谓集最新技术的“宠爱”于一身,如果要准确描述它,“首次”“突破”将会是高频词。据统计,长征五号研制全程共突破了240多项关键技术,其中有12项是重大关键技术突破,实现了由内而外的全面升级。在与世界现役火箭的对比中,栾恩杰院士得出结论:“长征五号的整体性能和总体技术,已达到国际先进水平。”

“出生”数字化——长征五号在研制过程中首次全面推进先进的数字化设计手段,引进三维数字化设计工具,构建了我国运载火箭研制历史上第一个全三维数字火箭,开创了火箭型号数字化研制的先河。作为运载火箭的主承力构件,长征五号的钛合金芯级捆绑支座竟然是3D打印出来的,不仅强度更高,加工速度更快,重量还比原来的高强钢设计减少30%。航天科技一院长征五号运载火箭总设计师李东告诉记者,3D打印将为今后火箭的主承力部段轻量化结构设计与制造,提供强有力的技术支撑。

“心脏”系列化——长征五号的研制,牵引出三型高性能新型火箭发动机,均采用无毒无污染的推进技术。其中,120吨级液氧煤油发动机推力大、比冲高,已成为我国新一代运载火箭各个不同构型火箭共用的基础动力装置;50吨级液氧液氢发动机,在国际同类发动机中处于先进水平;8吨级膨胀循环先进上面级液氧液氢发动机技术,可以大大提高发动机的自身可靠性,为我国首创。“三型发动机的研制,使我国运载推进技术水平大幅提高。”栾恩杰说。

“座驾”一体化——首次亮相的大火箭活动发射平台实现了10多项技术突破,它的最大亮点是将原来发射塔上的上百台地面设备集成在现有发射平台上,实现了机、电、液、气等众多系统的一体化,使火箭在发射塔的准备流程成倍缩短。科研人员还开发出了“十二点调平技术”,只需操作按钮,就能使大火箭实现自动调平,让火箭“坐”得又直又稳。

“脑袋”通用化——长征五号不仅坐得更稳,“脑袋”也更“灵光”。现役火箭头部的整流罩都是金属铝结构,卫星装在里面无法与外界通讯。为了保持卫星与地面的通讯畅通,必须在整流罩上开个口,用其他透波材料打个补丁,就像“开天窗”一样。“因为每次装载的卫星不同,‘天窗’的位置每次都不一样,因此整流罩不具备通用性。”长征五号运载火箭结构设计师戴政介绍说,长征五号的整流罩首次采用了全透波结构,就像给卫星信号开了个“全景天窗”,通用性极强,将使后续火箭整流罩的设计和生产效率得到大幅提高。

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