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农村改革迎重大制度创新:承包权经营权分置并行

2016-10-31 05:09:45   经济参考报

  完善 相关法律修订工作将提速

完善这种重大理论创新,意味着一系列政策改革和法律修订要同步进行。

意见指出,要扎实做好农村土地确权登记颁证工作,确认“三权”权利主体,明确权利归属,稳定土地承包关系。建立健全土地流转规范管理制度,完善工商资本租 赁农地监管和风险防范机制,确保土地经营权规范有序流转。构建新型经营主体政策扶持体系,加快农村土地承包法等相关法律修订完善工作。

“经营权在现在的法律设置里,和承包权是合一的。经营权是承包经营权派生出来的,不是一个独立的权利。这两者之间是根据一定的和约期限来确定各自的权利和义务的关系。”中国人民大学经济学院教授刘守英表示,理清三权之间的关系,是理顺法律时要注意的重要问题。

全国人大农业与农村工作委员会副主任委员刘振伟表示,现在全国人大正在抓紧对《农村土地承包法》进行修改,这次修法主要针对中央对土地承包关系的稳定和完善做出的一系列大政方针。

他也认为,“三权分置”关键是土地经营权定性。“该如何给土地经营权定性,现在众说纷纭,有人认为是债权,有人认为是物权。债权的理由是土地经营权就是依 据租赁合同契约关系而产生的,没有租赁合同,没有契约关系就没有这个债权关系。还有一些权威专家说根据承包期限长短来判断是物权还是债权,流转期限短就是 债权,流转期限长就是物权。另外,国际上现在对债权物权化管理也是一个趋势。”刘振伟说。

  展望 将研究经营权抵押承包权退出办法

意见还提出,要“积极开展土地承包权有偿退出、土地经营权抵押贷款、土地经营权入股农业产业化经营等试点”,还要“研究健全农村土地经营权流转、抵押贷款和农村土地承包权退出等方面的具体办法”。

据了解,上述几项改革试点,目前已在各地有序展开。目前全国三分之一的土地已经流转,全国2.3亿户承包土地的农民中,6600万户或多或少地流转了土 地。而自去年8月份国务院正式启动农村承包土地的经营权抵押贷款试点工作以来,目前已经有近300个县级行政区开展了相关试点。

专家介绍称,开展农地经营权抵押贷款试点的主要目的是盘活农村土地资产,促进农业现代化发展和农民增收致富。今年年初,中国人民银行会同相关部门联合印发 《农村承包土地的经营权抵押贷款试点暂行办法》,在贷款用途、抵押物认定以及风险防控方面明确了底线,例如要求抵押贷款应主要用于农业生产经营等贷款人认 可的合法用途,以及要求用于抵押的承包土地没有权属争议,且不能超过农民承包土地的剩余年限等。

多位专家称,抵押物处置是这项改革成败的关键,而试点要同时顾及保障农民的承包权和金融机构对抵押物的合法处置权,就需要各试点地区在实践操作中进行大量 的创新和探索。记者了解到,为防范金融风险及农民失地风险,重庆、吉林、湖北等多个省市设立了农村产权抵押融资风险补偿基金,由借款主体、金融机构和当地 政府共同承担损失风险。

农地承包权的政策制度接下来也面临重大调整。现行土地承包关系普遍将于2030年或2033年到期。目前,适时就二轮承包期满后耕地延包办法、新的承包期 限等内容提出具体方案,也已经排上政府的工作日程。另外,针对部分地区撂荒严重的问题,土地承包权的有偿退出也零星开始出现了试点。

《经济参考报》记者日前在重庆市巴南区采访获悉,该地区正在就此进行探索,地方政府先确定前期投资业主,限定试点区域;再征求农户意见,由农户与业主协商 达成退出补偿协议条款,业主出资对农户予以补偿,农户将土地权利退还给集体组织,再由村集体将其流转给业主;最后三方签订协议。据了解,目前巴南区已有一 些农民自愿退出,实现直接财产性收入数百万元。

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