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中加签署协定:跨境追赃分享返还比例视办案贡献定

2016-09-23 10:37:55   法制日报

孙昂:首先,中加协定既规定了“分享”,也规定了“返还”。对于转移至境外的犯罪所得,只要能够查明有合法所有人,如被贪污的政府或企业财产,按协定的规定,就应依法返还合法所有人。但是在没有合法所有人的情况下,如贿赂案、贩毒案所涉犯罪所得,或者因证据链缺失而无法证明合法所有人的,如果没有分享的安排,通常是由资产所在地国予以没收后自行处置,大部分情况下是由其上交国库。现在按分享的方式来处理,分享的比例取决于双方在办案中贡献的大小,这样一来,对于从我国流往加拿大的犯罪所得,即使没有或不能认定合法所有人,也可通过“分享”这一制度性安排,最大程度地追回犯罪所得。

另一方面,对于我国没收的犯罪所得,如果加方积极提供协助的,我们也可以依法与加方分享,这样可以更有效地调动加方与我方在个案中合作的积极性。因此,这一安排有利于更好地维护国家利益,且能更加有效地开展国际司法执法合作。

记者:您刚才说中加协定是我国首个追缴境外犯罪所得的专门协定,可否详细介绍一下中加协定谈判的来龙去脉?

孙昂:1988年的《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》首次开创性地提出了分享的概念,鼓励缔约国按照本国法或专门缔结双边或多边协定与其他国家分享所没收的犯罪所得。

近年来,对没收的犯罪所得进行分享已日益成为一种趋势,既为《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》《美洲国家组织反腐败公约》等其他全球性和区域性国际公约所确认和鼓励,也在许多国家的实践中得到广泛认可和运用,各国也纷纷立法或缔结双边协定来开展此类合作。

我国已加入了不少写入分享内容的国际公约,2007年我国的禁毒法第57条也规定可以与其他国家分享查获的犯罪所得。

不过,从目前来看,我国的有关规定多为原则性规定,对如何开展合作,并没有具体规定,实践中的案例也很少。正如我刚才所述,追回转移到境外的犯罪所得的最佳结果是全部返还。但是,很多情形下,这一目标难以实现。此时,为最大程度地追缴外流犯罪所得,与有关国家开展分享合作、缔结专门的分享协定就显得十分必要和迫切。

与加拿大谈判缔结分享协定,最早可从20年前说起。

1996年,加方曾在我方协助下就一起案件没收了有关犯罪所得。随后我方依据双边刑事司法协助条约向加方提出分享请求,但加方表示,根据其国内法,与外国分享犯罪所得的前提是缔结双边分享协定,仅依据刑事司法协助协定在具体执行上有障碍。

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