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人民日报刊文:警察执法权应有边界

2016-09-21 05:49:49   人民日报 作者:徐猛

原标题:警察执法权应有边界(论政)

如果没有证据表明私权利的行使对社会公共利益或者他人利益造成损害,就不能以公共利益为借口对其进行强行介入和干预

今年8月,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅出台了《关于深化公安执法规范化建设的意见》,强调按照职权法定、权责一致的原则,建立公安机关行政执法权力和责任清单,明晰执法权责,要求强化法治思维养成教育,提升执法主体依法履职能力。

公安执法权是典型的公权力。公权力旨在规范或恢复社会秩序,其遵循的基本原则是,法无授权不可为。当公权力需要介入私权利或者说私权利需要救济的时候,要么是基于当事人的申请,要么是基于公共利益的考量。公权力机关必须是为了维护社会秩序和公共利益,才可对私权利进行一定范围和程度的干预。否则,极易构成对私权利的侵害。

同理,警察在执法时应特别注意权力的边界,防止以公共利益为借口越界行使执法权而侵害私权利。当我们以公共利益为由限制或剥夺某一个体利益时,这一个体利益必须是对社会和他人有现实的或潜在的危害,或者说该私权利有滥用之虞,并应依法定程序和要求予以限制和剥夺。

很多年以前,就曾发生过有人在家看“黄碟”而被警察带往派出所留置并审查,并由此引发了有关“公权是否有权干涉私权空间”的大讨论。这其实就是一种典型的警察执法权超越边界的行为。虽然多年过去,但类似事件还时有发生。因此,警察在执法时必须清楚,如果没有证据表明私权利的行使对社会公共利益或者他人利益造成损害,就不能以公共利益为借口对其进行强行介入和干预。

从执法实践中出现的侵犯私权的案例来看,问题大多出现在民事、行政和刑事法律关系衔接的边缘区域,特别是民商事经济领域中的合同纠纷和刑事司法领域的合同诈骗,目前在法律上很难作严格区分。执法者往往由于缺乏权力边界意识,不能准确厘清是属于公权力范畴还是属于民商事私权利调整范畴,因而造成对公民私权利的侵害或者对其权利保护的缺位,极易引发新的纠纷。因此,警察要增强法治思维特别是要加强民事法律基本原则等相关知识的学习。同时,还要明确,警察执法权力的边界以刑事法和行政法准确界定其应为范围,以民事类法律廓清其不可为的疆域。具体来说,涉及平等主体之间的人身或财产关系以及由此产生的纠纷,原则上由当事双方遵照意思自治原则自主解决,除非公民主动申请,否则,公安机关就不能也不需要介入。

公安机关在执行国家赋予的职能,进行社会治理的过程中,通常都是处于社会问题的焦点前沿地带,往往也会处于公权力和私权利交叉的核心区域,为此,要有强烈的执法权力边界意识。从某种意义上讲,警察执法权力的边界,在于平衡权力与权利之间的关系,这也是公安执法规范化建设的前提、基础和逻辑起点。

(作者单位:云南省昆明市公安局)

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