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特朗普:三国制裁法案有严重缺陷 损害施政灵活性

2017-08-03 03:29:21   新华社

二、美国“两次伤害”终换来相互伤害

①2016年12月,奥巴马政府因俄罗斯疑似“干预大选”和“对驻俄美外交官施压”为由通过了一揽子反俄制裁,并驱逐了35名俄驻美外交官,查封俄罗斯常驻纽约代表处与俄罗斯驻华盛顿大使馆两处郊区别墅。

②今年7月25日和27日,美国国会众议院和参议院先后通过一项法案,对俄罗斯以及伊朗、朝鲜施加新的制裁。美国国会这一最新行动是为了对俄罗斯“干预”美国总统大选,及其在克里米亚和乌克兰危机中起主导作用所采取的惩罚性措施。如特朗普决定签署这一新的对俄制裁,这也将使美俄两国首脑所希望的缓和两国处于“自冷战以来最低点的”外交关系计划受到重击。

三、美俄相互制裁升级欧盟“很受伤”

①普京:有一整套办法来回应美国

7月30日,俄国家电视台播放了对普京的独家采访。普京说,美国方面采取了没有任何缘由的举措,使得俄美关系恶化。

普京表示,俄方有一整套办法来回应美国。俄方等了很久,希望未来同美国的关系会有好转。但就目前来看,即使未来关系好转,也不会很快(发生)。俄方应该表明,自己对任何制裁都会做出回应。

②特朗普的难题:要和国会“掰手腕”吗?

目前,特朗普还没有明确表示是否支持这项法案。根据白宫声明,总统支持对朝鲜、伊朗和俄罗斯的严厉制裁,不过他要确保美国人的利益,所以正在研究这份法案,并等待法案的最终版本。

在特朗普政府内部,包括国务卿蒂勒森在内的多位要员已经对法案中的限制条款表示反对。他们称,该条款侵犯总统的行政权力,“会让总统在探索与俄罗斯沟通合作渠道的过程中被束住双手”。如果特朗普动用否决权,那么新法案会回到国会再次表决。这时,如果法案在两院都获得三分之二多数支持,那么不用总统签字,它就能成为法律。

③欧盟:能源安全与俄息息相关制裁问题与美难达成共识

7月26日,美国参众两院通过的制裁俄罗斯的法案,已引发欧盟的担忧和反对。欧盟委员会主席容克主持的每周一次的欧盟委员会例会讨论了美国单方面对俄罗斯实施制裁对欧盟产生的影响这一重大问题。欧盟的能源安全与俄罗斯息息相关,这是欧盟无法在如何制裁俄罗斯这一重大问题上与美国达成高度共识的主要原因。

四、美俄关系未来如何走?专家:美俄关系受制于美内政

如今,美国会制裁俄罗斯的议案已呈到特朗普案上。签,是默许法案对自己权力的限制;不签,会给自己留下“通俄”口实。特朗普会怎么做?如果此次法案通过并实施,将对俄美关系产生什么重要影响,特朗普希望缓和两国关系的打算又是否会破灭?

对此,上海外国语大学国际关系与公共事务学院教授杨成表示,美国国会两院都以绝对优势通过制裁法案,充分表明美政治精英在涉俄问题上的强硬立场已超越共和、民主两党的政党利益边界,而表现为一种重叠共识。

俄美对两国关系改善的预期早已大大降低,能够正常化就已经是可以接受的结果。此外,问题还在于,两国关系的调整主要不取决于俄,而取决于美。换言之,俄美关系的调整已经呈现出后冷战时期前所未有的,受制于美国国内政治议程和政治结构的新特点。

特朗普即便曾经想改善对俄关系,现在也不得不部分迁就目前对自己不利的国内大环境。俄对此认识得很清楚,会继续努力争取俄美关系的改善,但预期已明显调低。

责任编辑:穆启春 CN063
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