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多国出新规防无人机“黑飞” 德:要考“驾照”(图)

2017-06-06 14:01:17   环球时报

今年4月10日,FAA颁布新的禁止在军事基地上空飞行的规定,其中包括玩具无人机和商用无人机。这条规定紧随《华盛顿邮报》一则报道出台,该报道称,“伊斯兰国”极端分子对改造利用小型无人机运送爆炸物的兴趣激增。4月27日,FAA将禁飞地图上传到网络。

“我国制定无人机管理规则时参照了一些西方国家的经验。美国政府的态度跟我们类似,实施实名制,并限制一定量级的无人机在公共区域飞行。”航空问题专家王亚男对《环球时报》记者说,“无人机管理在美国争议比较大,有人说FAA做出的规定是非法的,所以估计会在法律层面有一段反复期。”

今年5月19日,美国哥伦比亚上诉法院就一起无人机爱好者诉FAA案作出裁决,称消费者无需向FAA登记其非商用无人机,国会早就表示FAA不能监管玩具无人机。FAA随后声明:“正在仔细研读上诉法院的判决……FAA之所以制定无人机登记和操作规范,是为了确保无人机能够以安全的方式运行。”

美国航空模型学会(AMA)不久前针对FAA公布的报告称,无人机导致的险撞事故只占整体案宗的3.4%。此外,虽然不时有机师声称与无人机相撞,实际上飞机撞上的通常是鸟、缆线等。学会主席汉森称:上世纪七八十年代,机师看到的是UFO,如今看到的都是无人机。

德国结束“西部狂野式”天空

“脸书表示要用它自己的无人机为非洲农村提供无线网络,亚马逊在美国进行了首次无人机送货展示。”5月初,南非《周末守卫报》的一篇文章写道,“由于无人机技术发展迅速,很多国家的相关法规难以跟进。世界各地都有无人机扰乱空中交通的报道。”

一方面,在农业、基础设施维修、人员搜救等各领域,无人机在扮演越来越重要的角色;另一方面,无人机的增多给航空安全、社会治安甚至国家安全带来威胁。很多国家都想在鼓励无人机行业发展的同时控制不良影响。

像俄罗斯,之所以要打造新的无人机控制系统,也是希望为小型无人飞行器操作者创造一个有序的环境,为俄经济中出现一系列新的高科技服务打下基础。在俄罗斯看来,当前那些最新开放无人机使用的国家,在发展一系列高科技服务如快递、监控及新一代安全系统方面,已经取得巨大领先优势。

不同的国家有不同的方式和进度。除了前面提到的几个国家,在南非,民航管理局将大部分城市上空设为无人机禁飞区,也就是说人们不能在自家后院飞行航空玩具。惩罚是严厉的,违反相关规定可能会面临10年监禁、5万兰特(约合2.7万元人民币)罚款。

在韩国,韩国土交通部表示,政府拟出台一系列措施规范民用无人机的使用,以保证空中飞行安全。国土交通部将与政府其他部门合作,并在2021年前投入300亿韩元用于制定相关标准。

在德国,原本规定重量在5千克以下的无人机不需要许可证,但为结束“西部狂野式”的天空,今年4月通过新《无人飞行器法规》,要求任何重量超过250克的飞行器必须在醒目位置写上所有人的姓名及住址,标记必须可见、耐用和防火;此外还须参加考试拿到“驾照”,无人机一般要投保责任险。

“无人机在国外和中国出现是同时的,所以全球范围内没有一个国家有完整的管理方案。”王亚男对《环球时报》记者说,未来,可能急需突破的是法律层面,需要一套更行之有效的管理规范。目前虽然有一些概念技术,但要想规范一国领空范围内的管理,那将需要大量技术资源的投入。

【环球时报驻外特派、特约记者张晓东纪双城侯健羽青木环球时报记者范凌志丁雨晴】

责任编辑:杨晓晨 CN067
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