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美在南海“自由”航行不止一次了 这次又是为了啥?

2017-05-28 07:46:46   瞭望智库

《公约》中的“航行自由”遭有意曲解

航行自由(Freedom of navigation,缩写FON)是国际习惯法中的一个原则,即除了国际法规定的例外情况,悬挂任何主权国家旗帜的船舶不受来自其他国家的干扰。该权利已被《联合国海洋法公约》第87(1)a条加以法典化。

《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称“《公约》”)作为一部海洋宪章,规定了各国在不同海域拥有不同程度的航行自由,例如《公约》规定在公海上,每一个国家都有权悬挂旗帜自由航行;而在领海内,各国船舶只享有无害通过的权利,不得进行军事演习,不得影响沿海国防务或安全,不得进行研究或测量活动。

可见《公约》确实承认各国船舶在领海有一定的航行自由,但对船舶过境通行进行了严格而明确的限制。

但《公约》中的航行自由到了美国口中就发生了变化。

美国自建国后就把航行自由作为追求的目标。由于其国内相关利益集团担心加入《公约》可能限制美国在全球的行动“自由”,美国这一海洋大国至今仍然游离于《公约》框架之外。但美国却通过不成文的习惯法和海权优势来扩大其权益,利用《公约》对自己有利的部分,并不断通过单边行动否定沿岸国对海洋的安全管辖权。


中美对于《公约》的不同解释(图表来源于《航行自由:中美两国的分歧与对策》,作者:曹文振、李文斌)

《美国海上军事行动法》规定:国际水域包括所有不受任何国家领土主权限制的海洋区域,领海以外的所有水域都属于国际水域。在国际水域的公海上,世界各国都有航行和飞行自由,国际水域包括毗连区、专属经济区和公海。在南海,美国甚至否定南海岛礁的法律地位,凭借其在国际水域的航行自由,介入南海争端。

对南海航行自由真正构成威胁的是美国

美国所谓的“航行自由”行动由来已久。初始于1979年卡特政府的“航行自由”计划,随后得到各届政府的“继承和发展”。

根据美国史料,美国时任总统卡特在宣布“航行自由”行动计划时曾明确宣称:“鉴于美国在世界事务中的显著地位,它不得不采取主动去保卫其权利免受沿海国家的非法侵蚀。”什么是美国在海上的“显著地位”?无非是海上军事力量优势。这篇美国37年前的“自由航行行动宣言”表明,该计划的根本出发点就是要维护美国在全球的海上霸主地位。

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