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媒体:美减税计划是1张A4纸 营改增1年减税6800亿
2017-05-16 01:26:35 国经济周刊(北京)
增值税转型:消除对购入固定资产重复征税
生产型增值税与消费型增值税的主要区别在于:生产型增值税不允许扣除外购固定资产所含的已征增值税,税基相当于国民生产总值,税基最大,但重复征税也最严重;消费型增值税允许一次性扣除外购固定资产所含的增值税,税基相当于最终消费,税基最小,但消除重复征税也最彻底。2009年增值税转型改革之前,我国实行生产型增值税,企业购进的固定资产进项税额不准予抵扣,形成对外购固定资产的重复征税。2009年的增值税转型改革准予企业扣除购入固定资产进项税额,消除了重复征税。
增值税扩围:扩大增值税的可抵扣范围
在增值税扩围改革前,既存在缴纳增值税的经济主体,又存在缴纳营业税的经济主体,增值税扩围改革通过不同途径影响着两类经济主体的税负:一方面,对原有增值税主体而言,营改增之前,其购入的营业税领域的服务进项税额是不能够抵扣的,其进项税额扣除是不完整的,营改增后则可以将生产支出中含有的增值税税金全部纳入抵扣,抵扣范围的扩大会减少本环节缴纳的税额;另一方面,对新纳入的增值税主体而言,企业可以将在原营业税制度下进行服务消费承担的税金在下一交易环节抵扣掉,从而减少或避免商品与服务中间环节的重复征税。
两次增值税改革对宏观经济有哪些效应
增值税改革对我国经济运行产生了积极的影响,特别是营改增的降税效应对经济转型升级起到了积极推动作用,并引领全球增值税改革浪潮。增值税改革的积极作用主要表现在三个方面。
促进社会分工,提高社会生产力
增值税转型改革准予企业当期购入固定资产进项税额一次全部抵扣,使得相同条件下需要缴纳的增值税大幅减少,增加了企业的可用现金流,有利于刺激投资、扩大投资需求;同时,利于企业扩大资本积累而进行设备更新,采用先进技术,提高生产力水平。
营改增改革将增值税征税范围覆盖到所有行业和产业,将所有产品和服务纳入抵扣范围,弥补了增值税转型改革涉及范围狭窄、效果有限的不足,进一步减少了重复征税,减轻了生产企业税收负担,进一步满足了经济发展对专业化分工的内在要求,有利于改进“大而全”“小而全”的低效能生产模式,推动社会生产向专业化协作方向发展,促进经济发展的内生动力,提高社会生产力水平。
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