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媒体:美减税计划是1张A4纸 营改增1年减税6800亿

2017-05-16 01:26:35   国经济周刊(北京)

第二次改革:增值税扩围(营改增)

尽管2009年增值税全面转型消除了对企业购入固定资产的重复征税,降低了企业的成本,但增值税与营业税并存的税制结构造成增值税抵扣链条不完整,无法最大限度发挥消费型增值税的优势,使增值税转型的效果打了折扣,征收营业税的第三产业在转型改革中几乎没有受益,且营业税重复征税的问题也不利于服务业等第三产业的发展。

为消除重复征税、减轻企业负担、完善税制、支持服务业发展,2012年1月1日起,营业税改征增值税试点首先在上海交通运输业和部分现代服务业中开展。此后,北京、深圳等地也提出了增值税改革试点方案。到2013年8月,营改增范围已推广到全国试行。2014年1月和6月,又分别将铁路运输业、邮政服务业和电信业纳入试点。2016年5月1日全面推开营改增,将建筑业、房地产业、金融业和生活服务业最后4个行业纳入增值税征收范围,营业税彻底退出我国税收历史的舞台。

根据国家税务总局统计,营改增实施以来,约98%的试点纳税人实现了税负下降或持平,从2012年1月试点开始实行到2017年2月,营改增带来的减税总规模累计已超过1.2万亿元。这场营业税改征增值税的改革涉及到原征收营业税的近1600万户企业纳税人、1000万自然人纳税人和超过2万亿元的营业税收入,这是1994年实行分税制以来力度最大、最有影响力的税制优化改革。

国家税务总局数据显示,2016年5月至11月,建筑、房地产、金融、生活服务四大行业累计实现增值税应纳税额6409亿元,与应缴纳营业税相比,减税1105亿元,税负下降14.7%,其中金融业减税367亿元,税负下降14.72%;建筑业减税65亿元,税负下降3.75%;房地产业减税111亿元,税负下降7.9%;生活服务业减税562亿元,税负下降29.85%。据统计,截至今年4月30日,营改增试点一周年将实现减税6800亿元左右。

各个地区的减税效果也非常显著。根据各地国税局统计,上海、广东、北京等27个省(自治区、直辖市)2016年全年营改增的减税总规模达到5225亿元,其中上海减税规模最大,达到840亿元;广东位列第二,减税达673亿元;北京紧随其后,减税约641亿元;江苏营改增减税约470亿元,浙江、山东、四川减税规模在300亿元左右。

两次增值税改革的减税机制有何不同

增值税抵扣制度是目前各国增值税制度的核心之一,也是体现增值税中性作用的制度源头。我国增值税转型改革和扩围改革实质上都是通过完善增值税抵扣制度来消除重复征税、减轻我国企业税负,但两者发挥减税效果的具体途径有所不同。

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