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空海铜塑
从“大逆不道”到“大行其道”
同样地,在日本的佛教僧侣阶层中,同性恋最初亦被视为一种“大逆不道”的罪行。
学界对于佛教“公传”的时间始终存在争议,在奈良时代(710~194)与平安时代(794~1192),佛教经典与思想源源不断地从大陆流入日本,先后形成了“南都六宗”(奈良时代兴起的佛教宗派的总称,即三论、成实、法相、俱舍、华严、律六宗)与“平安二宗”(天台宗与真言宗)。在这一时期的佛教僧侣阶层中,“男色之好”广泛存在。日本学者碟川全次指出:“平安时代,僧侣要戒淫邪、禁娶妻。为了发泄生理需求......不少僧侣蓄养美少年,并进行变态的性行为。”
但这种行为在当时是不折不扣的罪行,例如源信(942~1017)所著《往生要集》一书对第三层地狱描述道:“此大地狱又分为16个小地狱,其中一处是‘恶见所’。强逼他人之子并对其进行侵害的邪道之人,会堕入此间承受苦难。若罪人有子,便将其子投入狱中,并用铁棍抽打、铁锥刺穿其阴部......狱卒将其倒吊起来,将铜器里的沸水灌入肛门,使沸水流入其身,经五脏六腑后从口鼻流出。但上述做法并不是全部的惩罚。‘恶见所’后,这些罪人还要被投入‘苦恼所’,在这里,他们要忍受烈火炽烤的残酷折磨,直到其皮开肉绽、死去活来。”
步入镰仓时代(1185~1333)以后,随着“镰仓新佛教”(净土宗、净土真宗、禅宗、日莲宗、时宗)的日渐兴盛,戒律日趋宽松,同性之恋也不再是一种罪。成书于镰仓初期、著者不明的《宇治拾遗物语》记载了一则笑话:一位高官选择一位据称从未犯戒、六根清净的僧侣撞钟,但他在撞钟之时却吓得瑟瑟发抖。迟疑许久后,这名和尚问“鸡奸应该无罪吧”,周围众人顿时大笑起来。而成书于1254年的《古今著文集》亦描绘了紫金台寺贯主(即主持)与一名叫“千早”的少年之间的爱情故事。
到了镰仓末期乃至室町时代(1336~1573),同性恋已经是文学与艺术作品中的一种常见题材了。成书于1305年的《续门业和歌集》中收录了许多“吟诵稚儿”的和歌,而许多画家也开始将男色与男男之爱作为绘卷的主题——其中不乏有高僧与美童之间凄美而又传神的爱恋。
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