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探秘:“男色之好”为何盛行于日本僧侣和武士阶层

2016-09-02 14:32:11   澎湃

原标题:“男色之好”为何盛行于日本的僧侣和武士阶层

在日本历史上,男子之间的同性相恋曾十分盛行。鲁斯·本尼迪克特《菊与刀》一书中便写道:“沉迷于同性恋游戏也属于传统的‘人之常情’,在古代日本,这是诸如武士、僧侣这样地位很高的人所认可的享乐。”同性恋作为一种现象在日本是何时出现的?武士和僧侣又为何会对其情有独钟呢?

触怒神灵的“阿豆那比之罪”

在日本,“弘法大师开基”是一个被人们津津乐道的话题。

弘法大师即日本真言宗(密宗)开宗祖师空海和尚(774~835)。“开基”即开创,本意指空海和尚开创真言宗,但后世“众道”(即男同性恋者)就此一语双关,暗喻空海既开佛法之基、亦开“男色”之基。在不少文献中,空海不仅是佛教“密宗”的弘扬者,更是男同性恋这一“秘好”的奠基人。这种说法散见于平安后期至江户时代诸多文本,俨然已是“书写构建之史”矣。

日本学者西山松之助在《众道风俗》一书中曾写道:“据传,众道(即男同性恋)的开基者乃弘法大师、中兴者乃一休,庆长三年问世的《弘法大师一卷书》对此有明确记载。换言之,所谓‘众道’就是从弘法大师的同性之爱开始的。”

但是对于这一传说,很早便有人提出了质疑。江户时代本草学家、儒学家贝原益轩(1630~1714)指出,虽然世间盛传宠爱男色之事始于空海法师渡唐以后,但是《续日本纪·卷二十·孝谦天皇·天平宝字元年条》中便已经有了‘通侍童’的说法,由此可见男色早在空海之前便已然存在了。这种说法在江户时代颇为流行。但如果参考上下文不难发现,这里的‘通侍童’是指年轻的侍婢,而不是那些江户时代的好事者所理解的“卡哇伊的男孩子”。

当今学界学者大多认为,《日本书纪·卷九·神功皇后摄政元年二月条》中的“阿豆那比之罪”可能才是日本史料中关于同性恋问题的最早记载。

这段史料讲了这样一个故事:神功皇后摄政元年(201年),白天昏暗如同黑夜,这种异象持续了很长时间。神功皇后询问事发缘由,有人提出这可能是“阿豆那比之罪”,即两位神社祝者(即神职,神道体系内侍奉神的人)葬到了一起。神功皇后遣人调查此事,发现果然是有两个祝者合葬到了一起。将两人分葬后,异象褪去,日夜有别。

日本学者田中香涯认为,这里所谓的“阿豆那比之罪”即同性恋之罪;中国学者冯玮则指出,这段史料不仅说明同性恋在日本上古时代已然存在,而且还是一种会触怒神灵的罪行。

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