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美智库:中美开战中国GDP将会下降25%到35%

2016-08-01 07:42:00   

【环球时报综合报道】“美国和中国之间爆发战争对两国、对东亚乃至世界都将是毁灭性的,看起来简直不可想象。”这是《与中国开战,想不敢想之事》报告引言的第一句话。但接下来,兰德公司的学者们话锋一转,给这篇长达116页的报告找到了出台“理由”:事实上两国开战并非完全不可能,两国在多个地区纠纷中针锋相对,确有可能导致军事对抗和暴力冲突;两国大批军力挨得很近,如果发生意外事件或者某个危机过热,双方就可能有先发制人的想法。如敌意爆发,双方都有庞大军力、技术、工业实力和人员在广阔的海陆空域乃至网络空间作战。“美中开战可能规模巨大,代价沉重,但并非不可想象。”

报告认为,随着中国军事能力提高,特别是“反介入/区域拒止(A2/AD)”能力的实现,战争一旦发生,美国并不一定能够获得操作上的控制权,摧毁中国的防御。美中之间若爆发战争,应该是区域性的常规战争,不会使用核武器,主要以海上舰艇和潜艇战斗为主,同时涉及各种战机、导弹以及针对卫星的太空战和针对计算机系统的网络战。报告称,东亚是潜在的美中闪点所在,若发生战争,会首先限定在东亚范围内。随着战争的深入,彼此的跟踪和攻击能力不断提升,整个西太平洋地区都将变成战区,从而造成严重经济影响。

随后报告将时间限定在2015年至2025年,根据强度和持续时间不同分为四种战争情况重点分析,分别是短期低强度、长期低强度、短期高强度、长期高强度。其中,短期低强度战争由意外事件或者误判引发,可能牵涉第三方。双方领导人对战争行动进行了限制,并且很快就结束冲突达成一致,敌对行动在一周左右时间结束。长期低强度战争是短期低强度战争的进一步拓展和延伸。双方领导人对战争行为进行了限制,但未能就结束冲突达成一致。双方不断集结并保持接触,意外事件以及损失时有时无并一直持续。

对于短期高强度战争,报告认为,中国会使用“杀伤链”来对付美国航母和空军基地,同时美国会攻击中国的“杀伤链”,并对中国本土精心选择的目标实施攻击。冲突持续一个星期左右,双方迅速进行危机管控。报告称,在2015年的情况下,美国的损失会包括海军和空军力量、航母以及在亚太地区的军事基地,而中国的损失会更大,包括A2/AD武器系统受损。报告认为,若在2025年的情况下,因为中国A2/AD能力的增加,美国的损失会加大,但是中国的损失依然更大。

对长期高强度冲突,报告称,双方的损失使得妥协更难。美国扩大对中国的打击,双方将更多的部队投入到战争中,当损失不断增加时,中国进行长期战争动员,战争持续一年或者更长。报告认为,长期高强度战争中,在2015年的情况下,战争拖得越长,对中国负面影响越大。到2025年时,美国要取得战争胜利的前景比现在更差,但这并不代表中国会赢得战争。而且随着战争的持续,西太平洋大部分地区,从黄海到南海,都将变成海上和空中运输的危险地带。贸易急速下降对中国经济的影响重大,而且随着时间延长以及强度的加深,其他国家,美国的盟友卷入战争的可能性就越大,特别是日本可能加入。

报告还比较了战争可能给两国造成的经济损失,认为美国的损失是GDP下降5%到10%,中国GDP则会下降25%到35%。经济损失可能会引发中国的政治动荡并鼓励中国的分离主义分子。而在美国,战争只会造成两党之间的分歧,国家却是稳定的。报告的结论是,“最后可能没有赢家,双方都会遭受巨大损失”。鉴于战争后果非常严重,两国应该将避免战争爆发作为政策重点,两国政府需要强大的危机管理机制。

【环球时报驻美国、德国特约记者李勇青木环球时报记者郭孝伟林鹏飞曲翔宇张亦驰】

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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