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欧盟“史上最重要”峰会召开 全力避免英国退出欧盟

2016-02-19 08:25:59   观察者网

欧盟的重要支柱德国与法国的观点一致都比较乐观。法国总理曼纽尔·瓦尔斯认为此次峰会将找到解决方案。他说:“英国退出欧盟所产生的负面影响是无法想象的。为了欧洲的利益、法国的利益、英国的利益,英国必须留在欧盟。”

德国总理默克尔说:“英国留在欧盟继续发挥其积极的作用,符合德国的利益,也有利于一个强大、繁荣的欧盟。”

如果峰会能够如德法领导人所愿最终达成一致,英国首相卡梅伦将于周五当晚在伦敦召开紧急内阁会议,协调留在欧盟的政治立场。此间分析人士指出,卡梅伦也许会在本周末宣布全民公投的时间。

卡梅伦此前曾表示,如果与欧盟达成协议,英国就是否脱离欧盟的全民公投可能会提前到今年夏天举行;如果不能达成协议,公投的时间会延后。

最大危害是信心损伤

《中国证券报》今天分析称,毋庸置疑,英国脱欧,受影响的首当其冲无疑是伦敦,因为伦敦不仅是全球金融中心之一,也是专业服务中心和欧洲市场门户,汇聚全球高端且专业的服务业精英。倘若英国脱离这个已加入43年的国家联盟,那么伦敦在全球金融业的地位极其战略重要性将会受损,对外资的吸引力也会明显减弱。

据英国国家统计局汇编的数据,2014年英国的金融和保险业占其国内生产总值(GDP)的7%左右,占比略高于建筑业。法务、会计以及管理咨询占GDP的比重为4%,两者加在一起比重达11%,超过制造业的占比。当然,这个数字还不能涵盖脱欧后英国将面临的短期市场动荡与企业经营受损、中期的国家间、行业间与企业间战略调整与协商成本以及长期的外资流入减少等因素对经济的冲击。

彭博智库对脱欧中短期影响做了一个模型模拟,认为英国将面临“三面风暴”:信心冲击,导致企业投资下滑、民众消费减少储蓄增加,预计内需将萎缩1.5%;信贷冲击,金融系统流动性紧张,银行借贷成本上升;货币冲击,英镑对欧元贬值幅度或达到10%,进而进口成本相对上升,通胀风险将如约而至。除了这三面因素,还有其他可能爆发的政经危机,如苏格兰可能寻求再次举行独立公投,同时不排除其他欧盟成员国也想拷贝英国的做法,跟组织扯皮。

总而言之,一旦脱欧,将在英国国内甚至是欧洲地区掀起一场不大不小的风暴,导致多层次的信心坍塌。欧洲央行行长德拉吉在2月初的表态可谓一针见血,戳中了英国脱欧问题带来的最大危害——信心损伤,对欧洲一体化进程的信心损伤。他说:“倘若有一个方案能够将英国和欧盟牢牢地绑定在一起,而且欧元区内部能够实现进一步整合,那么将会提升外界对欧盟和欧元区的信心。”

话说回来,英国的诉求其实“很简单”——它想“搞特殊”,既要享受欧洲市场一体化带来的好处,也不愿牺牲一体化进程的政策灵活性和自主性。而且从某个角度上看,政策的灵活性与自主性的重视程度要更高一些。于是就不难推导,倘若英国真的和欧盟闹分手了,那么英国还将不遗余力地保留与此前同等地位的市场准入,哪怕分别和每个欧盟成员国进行谈判也在所不辞。问题就在于,英国是否担待得起这种市场动荡和经济冲击。

如英国智库经济与商业研究中心(CEBR)就表示,倘若脱离欧盟,英国将有约4660亿英镑(约合6700亿美元)规模的与欧洲大陆贸易有受损风险。另外,欧洲块头最大的银行汇丰控股集团日前也威胁称,若英国民众在脱欧公投中选择退出欧盟,汇丰可能将上千岗位转移至巴黎。

责任编辑:翟明 CN040
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