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1938年毛泽东与哪位国民政府要员促膝长谈通宵达旦
按照马克思主义的观点,中国封建社会始终存在着农民与地主两大对立阶级。不然如何解释几千年来农民生生不息的反抗斗争?梁漱溟没有看到土地高度集中于地主阶级和人民要求占有土地的深刻矛盾,以及由这一矛盾导致的不断的农民起义的事实。他以“中国构造特殊论”否定阶级和革命的存在,从而否定中共革命的合法性。这引起毛泽东与梁漱溟之间的极大争论,被梁漱溟称为“互不相让的争论”。据梁漱溟回忆,毛泽东批评道:“中国社会亦还有其一般性,中国问题亦还有其一般性;你太重视其特殊性而忽视其一般性了。”梁漱溟反驳道:“中国之所以为中国,在其特殊之处;你太重视其一般性,而忽视其特殊性,岂可行呢?”(全国政协文史和学习委员会编《梁漱溟回忆录》,第188页。)在梁漱溟临行之际,毛泽东建议梁漱溟去读一下恩格斯的《反杜林论》。《反杜林论》中提出,“世界的真正的统一性在于它的物质性”(《马克思恩格斯文集》第9卷,人民出版社2009年版,第47页。),而不是梁漱溟所说的文化或者精神。书中提出暴力不是绝对的起破坏作用,“暴力在历史中还起着另一种作用,革命的作用”(《马克思恩格斯文集》第9卷,第191页。)。后来,梁漱溟回经武汉时读了《反杜林论》,从而对马克思主义有了更多的了解,随着中国共产党领导的革命取得了胜利,梁漱溟对上述看法也作了反思。
梁漱溟与毛泽东,一个是文化改良主义者,一个是马克思主义者;一个侧重以文化的视角认识老中国、建设新中国,一个侧重以政治的视角认识和改造中国。(据胡乔木回忆:“毛主席自己说:从政治上看问题,我的兴趣在这里。”参见金冲及:《一本书的历史:胡乔木、胡绳谈〈中国共产党的七十年〉》,中央文献出版社2014年版,第210页。)二者信奉的是两种不同的救亡思想,寻求的是两种不同的救国道路。尽管双方在救国方式和手段的认识上始终存在根本性差别,但他们所秉持的救国救亡的立场是一致的,这决定了毛泽东与梁漱溟在交换意见时能够做到求同存异,因而碰撞出富有启发意义的思想火花。
四、思想的交锋与交融促使毛泽东进一步思考马克思主义中国化问题
马克思主义作为宏观的科学理论,不可能为各国革命遇到的微观问题提供现成答案,将其应用于各国革命实践时理应具体问题具体分析。关于这一点,马克思、恩格斯早就指出,马克思基本原理的实际运用,随时随地都要以当时的历史条件为转移。(参见马克思、恩格斯:《共产党宣言》,人民出版社1949年版,第3页。)就中国而言,对马克思主义中国化应该化什么、怎么化、化作什么,这是将马克思主义理论运用于实践过程中首先要回答的问题。
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