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1938年毛泽东与哪位国民政府要员促膝长谈通宵达旦
第二,中西文化产生差异的根源:生活方式还是生产方式?梁漱溟阐述了中国近代落后的原因在于文化失调的观点之后,力图从中西文化不同的角度入手来论证这一观点。他认为中西文化迥异,西方文化是“个人本位”,而中国文化是“伦理本位”“职业分途”。这个观点毛泽东也表示赞同,但他并不认同梁漱溟提出的生活组织方式的不同是中西文化存在差异的根源。梁漱溟在《乡村建设理论》中提出:“西洋人从来是团体生活,自宗教开端,以至于经济、政治,处处皆然。而中国人从来缺乏团体生活,处处像是化整为零的样子。”“零散则无力,组成团体则力量强大。”(《梁漱溟全集》第2卷,第193页。)他认为不管是过去的宗教国家,还是今天的民族国家,西方人民过的都是团体生活,重视契约,形成合力。而中国人散漫、消极,力量分散。虽然中国人也讲“四海一家”“天下为公”,但“小起来甚小,大起来甚大——然真所谓大而无当。因这样无边际的东西,抓也抓不着,靠也靠不得也”(《梁漱溟全集》第2卷,第194页。)。对此,毛泽东认为梁漱溟认识得不够深刻,没有看到伦理关系和组织关系背后的经济基础和政治制度。毛泽东指出,“伦理关系是上层建筑,他的下层基础是农业经济”,“这些都是封建制度与资本制度不同之结果”。(陈晋:《一九三八年毛泽东与梁漱溟的一次争论》,《中共党史研究》1990年第5期。)
第三,救亡图强、民族振兴的途径:乡村和平建设还是阶级暴力革命?关于这一点,毛泽东与梁漱溟都认为解决中国问题关键在内部,也认为这个内部指的是社会基层,得从基层改造着手。不同的是,梁漱溟的改造方案是温和的乡村文化建设,毛泽东则提倡并推动农村土地改革运动和阶级革命。
是否存在阶级,是否需要暴力革命,不仅是一个认识问题,更是一个立场问题,在这一点上,毛泽东与梁漱溟是针锋相对的。梁漱溟认为中国社会构造有其特殊性,只有“职业分途”,没有阶级对立,他说:“我平素认定中国社会有其特殊构造,所有封建社会资本社会这一套观念都适用不上。”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第218页。)“没有阶级,所以不能用武力统治,而只是以教化维持秩序”(《梁漱溟全集》第2卷,第221页。),所以要用乡村改造的方式恢复秩序。他认为在中国,“历史上只有一治一乱之循环而无革命”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第219页。)。那么,“阶级”这个词从何而来?梁漱溟认为,这纯粹是外来观念,是削中国之足适马克思主义之履。
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