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1938年毛泽东与哪位国民政府要员促膝长谈通宵达旦
第三,抗战胜利后中国政局的走向问题。毛泽东的持久战思想帮助梁漱溟树立了对抗战胜利的信心,但梁漱溟仍十分担忧抗战胜利后中国的政治走向。共同抗日是国共双方合作的基础,一旦这个基础消失,双方将如何抉择?这是梁漱溟深感困扰的问题。他通过与中共多位领导人交谈后,了解了共产党的政治理想虽与三民主义有相通之处,但也有根本性的区别。他还了解到共产党的近期目标和长远计划,并将其概括为“三段论”:“在抗战中实现民主;由于民主进步,和平转变到社会主义;末了进步到共产。”对于社会主义和共产主义,梁漱
溟并不支持和认可。他坚持的是“一段论”,即“中国政治上趋于民主化,和经济上趋于社会化”。并且,“其前进是同时前进,互相推动着前进,相携并进,以抵于成”。可见,毛泽东和梁漱溟坚持的是两种完全不同的政治纲领和政治路线,二人争论的也是这个问题,“所以通宵达旦,谈之不尽的就在此”。(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第204页。)
三、六次“交换意见”形成的思想交锋与交融
围绕中国共产党抗战初期转变、抗战前途、战后建国三个主题,毛泽东与梁漱溟存在着争论,而争论的原因又在于双方对中西过去历史文化有着不同的看法。
第一,近代以来中国落后的原因是文化失调还是政治腐败?毛泽东和梁漱溟都认为造成近代中国落后的根源出在中国内部。梁漱溟在《乡村建设理论》中指出:“外界问题(帝国主义)虽是有的,但中国内部问题大过外界问题。”(《梁漱溟全集》第2卷,山东人民出版社2005年版,第163页。)毛泽东读到这里写下批注:“问题在社会崩溃,外患成为障碍。原因在于自身这是对的。”(陈晋:《一九三八年毛泽东与梁漱溟的一次争论》,《中共党史研究》1990年第5期。)所不同的是,梁漱溟将问题归结为文化失调,而毛泽东则认为根本在于政治制度。《乡村建设理论》中提出:“中国问题并不是什么旁的问题,就是文化失调;——极严重的文化失调,其表现出来的就是社会构造的崩溃,政治上的无办法。”(《梁漱溟全集》第2卷,第163页。)梁漱溟认为文化因素是导致社会问题和政治问题的根本,中国传统儒家文化是好的,只是五四运动被打倒后失调或者说断裂了。他还认为,中国发展的关键是首先是要先将中华文化修复好,而不是依靠“欧风美雨”或马克思主义的改造。毛泽东对此表示反对,他在《乡村建设理论》的批注中反问道:“不是政治不好,而是政治分裂?”在毛泽东看来,中国社会文化的危机,不是政权的断裂和分裂,根源在于中国社会文化的“旧体制”,即旧的生产关系和政治制度妨碍了中国的进步。同时他批评梁漱溟的观点是“统治者、改良者的思想全部”。(参见陈晋:《一九三八年毛泽东与梁漱溟的一次争论》,《中共党史研究》1990年第5期。)毛泽东认为,中国旧有的政治制度是落后腐朽的,正如新中国成立后毛泽东总结的:中国近代丧权辱国的原因,“一是社会制度腐败,二是经济技术落后”(《毛泽东文集》第8卷,人民出版社1999年版,第340页。)。因此,要动员群众将其打破、重建,由破而立。简而言之,二人的分歧就是“文化与政治”之争,体现出主观唯心主义与历史唯物主义在中国传统社会认知方面的差异。
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