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1938年毛泽东与哪位国民政府要员促膝长谈通宵达旦

2016-12-29 15:12:54   肖建平

毛泽东与梁漱溟的六次实质性交谈,主要围绕以下三个主题展开。

第一,中国共产党策略的转变及对国家政权建构的态度。中国共产党“对内斗争是一时放弃呢,抑永久放弃?”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第196页。)“今后中国共产党是否必要取得政权呢?”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第197页。)这两个问题困扰梁漱溟许久,是他到访延安首先要弄明白的问题。为此,梁漱溟先问过张闻天,后又询问毛泽东的看法。关于第一个国共合作的问题,毛泽东指出:“相信国共前途只会团结,不会分裂。”关于第二个共产党政权主张的问题,毛泽东反问梁漱溟:“我们不是已经有一部分政权了吗?”至于将来是否会加入到国民政府中去,毛泽东表示“亦待考量大局相宜否”。(参见《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第200页。)

梁漱溟在抗战伊始就力求以中间人士之力实现国内团结,以达到国家政令军令之统一。为此,他试图从中共政治路线与军事路线对立的角度来说服毛泽东放弃武装革命。梁漱溟认为,中共现在是“靠军事维持一条党命”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第200页),今后应走放弃对内斗争的政治路线。他还提出,对外求得民族解放和对内完成社会改造是中国问题的“国是国策”,应一并解决而不是分别解决。那如何解决呢?他认为“这当然要全国各方开诚相商,共同决定”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第202页。)。即是说,共产党要放弃武力斗争,同国民党、中间势力等各方力量团结统一起来。毛泽东虽然表示同意梁漱溟关于民族解放和社会改造是“国是国策”的观点,但仍坚定地表示要坚持军事上独立自主。从本质上讲,梁漱溟的方案只是一厢情愿的改良主义方案,这种方案早在国民革命时期就已被证明是行不通的。

第二,抗战初期的时局和前途。经过观察和交谈,梁漱溟相信中国共产党是真正摒弃前嫌,团结一切可以团结的力量抗日。他说:“他们不愿再事内战的情绪很真切。”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第197页。)可即使国共已实现联合抗日,仍不能消除他对抗战前途的悲观心理。他后来回忆说:“我在那时(1938年1月)眼见得崩溃之象,当然不免悲观。”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第203页。)毛泽东则坚定地说:“中国的前途大可不必悲观,应该非常乐观,最终中国必胜,日本必败,只能是这个结局,别的可能性不存在。”(《毛泽东年谱(1893—1949)》(修订本)中卷,第49页。)他从国际、中方、日方三个方面分析,向梁漱溟介绍了他的“中国的团结+世界的援助+日本国内的困难=中国的胜利”的“抗战公式”(参见《毛泽东文集》第2卷,人民出版社1999年版,第109页。)。毛泽东坚定的语气和严密的分析一扫梁漱溟的悲观情绪,他后来说,毛泽东的观点“转换我的悲观见解不少”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第203页。),“确使我头脑开窍,一扫悲观情绪,受益良多”(《梁漱溟全集》第7卷,山东人民出版社2005年版,第520页。)。

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