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明代海盗四处劫掠 日本称其为“嘉靖大倭寇”

2016-12-27 14:04:43   李伯重

因为在当时的海上贸易中尚未有国际安全机制,所以商船出海,大多需要配备武器自卫,或者寻求拥有强大武力的海上武装集团的保护,成为这些武装集团控制的商船。不仅如此,在许多情况下,为了打击竞争对手,商人也常常借助武装集团的力量劫掠对方的商船。当然,这些武装集团有各种不同的类型。一些海上武装集团属于国家拥有或支持的武力(例如在东亚海域,葡萄牙、西班牙和荷兰殖民当局的武力),在本国政府的眼里他们不是海盗。另外一些得到当地政权的支持(例如倭寇得到日本沿海诸藩的支持),他们通常只被受害国视为海盗。还有一些完全是私人武装(例如中国的海上武装集团),他们往往被所在国视为海盗。无论如何,在当时的世界上,商船与形形色色的海上武装之间存在一种非常密切的关系。这种关系使得海商和海盗之间很难有一个明确的区分。

到了明末,这种亦盗亦商的海商武装集团发展得愈加强大,以致出现了郑氏集团这样的超级海上强权。郑芝龙集团纵横东亚海域数十年,成为17世纪世界上最强悍的海商/海盗集团。虽然拥有强大的武装力量,但是郑氏集团仍主要从事贸易而非劫掠。据荷兰东印度公司记录,崇祯十二年(1639)驶往长崎的郑氏商船多达数十艘。崇祯十四年(1641)夏,郑氏的22艘商船由晋江县安平港直抵日本长崎,占当年开往日本的中国商船总数的1/5以上,其运载的主要货物有生丝、纺织品、瓷器等。郑芝龙与葡萄牙人、西班牙人也建立了贸易关系。他运往日本的丝织物,有一部分是从葡萄牙人控制下的澳门购进的,日本的货物也由他运到吕宋,转售西班牙人。郑芝龙的船只也经常满载丝绸、瓷器、铁器等货物,驶往柬埔寨、暹罗、占城、交趾、三佛齐、菲律宾、咬留巴(今雅加达)、马六甲等地贸易,换回苏木、胡椒、象牙、犀角等。

因此在当时,海商和海盗之间并没有明确的界限。二者的角色是经常在相互转换着的,正如谢杰所言:“寇与商同是人,市通则寇转为商,市禁则商转为寇。”事实上,在近代早期的国际贸易中,这种亦商亦盗的海商乃是正常角色。

(本文原题《李伯重:早期经济全球化时代的“商”与“盗”》,选自李伯重《火枪与账簿:早期经济全球化时代的中国与东亚世界》,三联书店,2017年1月。文章原发于微信公众号“三联书店三联书情”,经授权,澎湃新闻节选部分内容转载,现标题与小标题为编者所拟。)

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