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明代海盗四处劫掠 日本称其为“嘉靖大倭寇”

2016-12-27 14:04:43   李伯重

对这些人的经历进行仔细分析,可以看到:首先,他们不是单纯的强盗。他们与明朝政府的冲突,主要是因为明朝的海禁政策致使他们的海上贸易难以进行。例如汪直本是徽商,后来参加许栋的海上走私集团。到浙江巡抚朱纨发兵攻剿许栋集团,李光头被捕,许栋兄弟逃亡,汪直收其余众,进而发展成为海商武装集团的首领。其次,他们的活动范围大大超出中日之间,可以说囊括东亚海域。例如许栋(许二)与弟许三先在马六甲建立起自己的交易网,然后与留在国内的许四、许一等合伙进行走私贸易。汪直当初南下广东,造巨舰贩运硝黄、丝绵等抵日本、东南亚各地,他本人也“历市西洋诸国”,在暹罗的阿瑜陀耶、马六甲和中国之间往来,由此结识了才到达东南亚不久的葡萄牙人。嘉靖二十年(1541),他和两名葡萄牙人带领着上百名番商从暹罗乘船北航向双屿港进发,结果被暴风雨冲漂到日本种子岛,和日商初步建立起贸易关系。第二年南风汛发时,他又和葡萄牙人一起从日本返航驶抵双屿,并加入许栋集团。此时恰好遇上日本的朝贡使团,于是他们便同当时在双屿的中外商人交易。交易完后,许栋即派汪直率“哨马船随贡使至日本交易”。嘉靖二十四年(1545)汪直到了日本博多津,招诱日本商人来双屿港进行走私贸易,“泊客拥有徒众万余人”,或五艘十艘,或数十艘,分泊各港。不少葡萄牙商人也开始将双屿作为同日本贸易的中转港。双屿一带的许多当地百姓也卷入了这种国际贸易活动,有的为番商充当翻译、向导,有的为之造船、修船,有的竞相贩售酒米、时鲜等食品。福建同安人林希元记述道:“(葡萄牙人)与边民交易,其价尤平。其日用饮食之资于吾民者,如米面、猪、鸡之数,其价皆倍于常。故边民乐与为市,未尝侵暴我边疆,杀戮我人民,劫掠我财物。”因为这些百姓“视海贼如衣食父母,视军门如世代仇雠”,所以在官府眼里也是“从番者”或者“倭寇”。由此可见,许多倭寇实际上是一些对国家没有固定归属感的人。郑晓说:“昔也夷人入中华,今也华人入外夷也。喜宁、田小儿、宋素卿、莫登瀛皆我华人,云中、闽、浙忧未艾也”;“武健才谞之徒,困无所逞,甘心作贼。非国家广行网罗,使有出身之阶,恐有如孙恩、卢循辈出乎其间,祸兹大矣”。这些人浪迹于国际间,唯利是图。借用一个日语名词来描述这些人的特征,可以说他们是一种“国际浪人”。晚明的郑芝龙就是一个典型的“国际浪人”。他是福建泉州府南安石井乡人,年轻时到过马尼拉,后来在与葡萄牙人打交道中接受了天主教的洗礼,取教名贾斯帕,另名尼古拉,因此外国人称他尼古拉?一官(NicholasIquan)。他发迹于日本平户藩,娶平户藩家臣田川翁昱皇之女田川松为妻。田川翁昱皇即翁昱皇,是中国侨民(一说是在日本的泉州海商),在日本改姓为田川氏。还有人说郑芝龙也娶了葡萄牙女子为妻。总之,他是一个非常“国际化”的人。

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