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据日本防卫厅编撰的《中国事变陆军作战史》载,1938年12月12日12时30分,其指挥下的步兵第47联队第3中队的一部,在与我南京守军第88师激战中,夺取了南京中华门附近的一段城墙,成为攻破南京“首功”部队。13日晨,日军判明中国守军已退却,遂以第6师团、第16师团、第11师团、第13师团、第3师团、第9师团、第18师团、第114师团、国崎支队(属第5师团)各一个联队在城廓或从各城门涌入进行“扫荡”,南京陷入空前灾难。
关于南京大屠杀,近年来随着国内外史料的不断发掘,已经逐渐逼近于史实。比如,哪支日军是南京大屠杀罪孽最深重的部队?一般认为,第6师团和第16师团不相上下。第6师团首先破城,在进占南京的12月13日至22日的10天内,在中华门、城西长江畔至下关一线屠杀最为残酷;第16师团自22日后独立担任南京“卫戍”部队,又继续屠杀一个多月,为害时间最久。第16师团师团长中岛今朝吾及其属下的第30旅团旅团长佐佐木到一,均留下了较详细记载大屠杀罪行的手记,成为南京大屠杀的重要史证资料。1938年谷寿夫在其旧著《机密日俄战史》出版后所发表的《军情报告》(昭和13年1月17日)中,就当时的“军事行动”也留下记述:“到处可遇到从南边逃出来的万余敌人,我们予以重创,江岸全为尸体所覆盖。”而且,还有证据表明谷寿夫在破城后曾向部队宣布“解除军纪三天”。战后,在日本东京远东国际军事法庭和中国南京国防部审判战犯军事法庭的审判中,时任华中方面军司令官的松井石根大将与第6师团师团长谷寿夫中将,分别以甲级战犯和乙级战犯身份,为南京大屠杀承担罪责,前者在东京巢鸭监狱被处以绞刑,后者被中国政府在南京雨花台枪决。
当时松井石根被定为南京大屠杀首犯,谷寿夫被定为主犯。据史料,在认定此二人罪行时,中国国防部二厅厅长、处理战犯委员会主任委员曹士澄少将和国防部审判战犯军事法庭庭长石美瑜少将,与前来担任监审官的美国军官赫伯少校、法官阿尔达克和霍西特经历了一番激烈争辩。秉承盟军总司令麦克阿瑟旨意,存心为谷寿夫开脱罪行的3个美国人说,既然远东国际军事法庭已认定当时担任华中方面军司令官的松井石根大将为甲级战犯,是南京大屠杀首犯,作为师团长一级的谷寿夫的犯罪就摆在次要位置了。历来的法律都有这么一条,首恶必办,胁从不问。因此不能判谷寿夫死刑,判个有期徒刑三五年即可,我们不能做“复仇主义”者。
美国人这样说,纯粹就是在搞双重标准,不提美英在东南亚各地的军事法庭,就说驻华美军在中国设立的军事法庭的战犯审判中,只要是战时曾下令杀害过一名美军军官或飞行员的日军将领,如第23军司令官兼香港总督田中久一中将、第34军参谋长镝木正隆少将,美国法官均一律判处死刑;而下令杀戮数万中国平民的谷寿夫,却只能判个三五年。难道中国人的生命就如此轻贱?!当时曹士澄少将严肃地指出,松井石根和谷寿夫各有各的罪行。南京大屠杀,谷寿夫是具体指挥者,而松井丝毫不加制止,犯有纵容杀人罪。前者为主犯,后者为首犯。并进一步解释说:“首,是第一,如罪魁祸首;主,是负主要责任,如主持和主办。我们认为松井石根应判处死刑,谷寿夫同样应该判处死刑!”后来曹士澄少将将此争论向蒋介石汇报,蒋明示此事不必为美国监审官所干扰,务必将“罪不容诛”的谷寿夫判处死刑。
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