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历史教训:“老百姓”一词曾是国民党军队的骂人话

2016-12-13 11:44:37   新华每日电讯

其实,国民党军队不是不知道共产党军队的优势,他们也学过,但就是学不来。抗战初期,国民党军队向敌后派出了50万以上的部队,进行游击战,远远超过共产党的武装,但他们为什么没有坚持下来?1939年初,国军在湖南衡山开办了“南岳游击干部训练班”,中共将领叶剑英担任副教育长,共产党教员非常坦率地介绍了打游击的前提是军民打成一片,对此国军人员都深以为然,汤恩伯有一次在大会上甚至指着叶剑英对全体学员说:“过去我们为什么老是打不过他们,就是因为他们同老百姓打成一片。”当时八路军的教官介绍了游击战的另一条经验:官兵同甘共苦,并列举了八路军从总司令到士兵,都吃一样的伙食,穿一样的衣服。国军军官们听后无不叹息,认为不要说军长、师长,就是要求自己部队的连长与士兵过一样的生活也办不到……

在国民党军队无法立足于敌后的同时,共产党军队却在敌后做大做强,并贡献了一个新词:1937年11月,晋察冀军区司令员兼政委聂荣臻率领3千余人的武装,在晋察冀三省边界地区创建了第一个敌后抗日根据地,依靠民众,站稳脚跟。1939年5月,聂荣臻发布通令,嘉奖平山团是“捍卫民族、捍卫边区和捍卫家乡的优秀的平山子弟兵”。这是“子弟兵”一词,首次用于称呼共产党领导下的人民武装。

国民党的将领们,从来都是轻视政治工作的,在他们眼中,政治工作等同于狗皮膏药,没有疗效,哪里比得上美国的机枪大炮?学者李翔写过一篇《国民党军队覆亡之际的政治工作》,揭示了国民党军队中“轻政工、重装备”的现象,士气沦丧,军民对立,“精神武装的极度匮乏,造成战斗力量的急剧衰弱。军事溃败,导致南京政府在大陆的统治土崩瓦解。”

1947年10月10日,中华民国的“国庆日”,就在这一天,中共中央批准公布《中国土地法大纲》和《中国人民解放军宣言》,宣言正式提出“打倒蒋介石,解放全中国”的口号。李翔评价说:“一边是构筑新型经济基础的土地法,一边是要解构掉的上层建筑的最高代表蒋介石。回想重庆谈判时,蒋还被中共认可为国家领袖。而两年后,授予底层民众土地的大纲,与呼吁民众起来打倒蒋介石的宣言,竟都选择在国民党政权的国庆日发表。这表明中共清楚无误地认识到,国家政权的正统性与合法性,已从抗战时期的民族主义,转变到战后的民事与民生。在双方军事力量强弱差距逐步缩小的背景下,涉及最广大民众利益的民生问题的解决与否,就成为国共两党政权被民众选择或抛弃的根本指针。国庆日的大纲与宣言,更等于是向国民党政权宣告,中共要用千千万万获得土地的农民和人民的军队,去掀翻蒋介石的统治宝座,终结南京政府的国庆日。”

土地问题,历来是中国农民最核心利益所在,孙中山先生当年提出“耕者有其田”,国民党政府也不是没有动过土地改革的念头,但就是下不了决心去推动。直至输掉大陆,才醒悟过来。1949年11月,新中国已成立,困守西南的国民党高级将领宋希濂反省说:“自黄埔以来,在军队中20多年,从未像这次指挥的部队,纪律败坏到这个地步。我们当年在广东的口号和国民革命军的信条,是‘爱国家,爱百姓’,而今天却弄到这样危害百姓,将何以自解!”

这就叫忘了初心。

王鼎钧是在2002年书写《关山夺路》这本回忆录的,他写道:“共产党员走的是‘群众路线’,国民党员走的是‘领袖路线’,怎样得到领袖的信任,怎样厚结领袖左右的亲信,耗尽他们的精力,他们也自以为这样就解决了问题。”

对一个前国民党军人而言,这是多么痛的领悟。(关山远)




责任编辑:苏鹏宇
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