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越王勾践剑为何千年不锈?并非经过特别处理

2016-12-12 14:41:47   凌光

在没有确切文字记载的情况下,所有这些都只能是猜测了。

古剑何以千年不锈

越王勾践青铜剑,寒光逼人,坚韧而锋利,充分反映了我国古代铸剑工匠的高超技艺。它为何如此锋利?又为何能千年不锈?这一直是人们十分感兴趣的问题。

20世纪70年代以前,由于科学发展水平等原因,人们不可能对越王勾践剑进行取样测定。1977年,为迎接1978年召开的全国科学大会,中央决定拍摄一部名为《古剑》的科教片,以反映我国古代的科学技术成就。在拍摄中,当年第一次用越王勾践剑划纸,竟然一次就划破了二十几层纸,可见该剑至今仍锋利无比。

那么,它是如何铸造与防锈的?为了解开这个谜底,经时任湖北省委书记陈丕显批准,摄制组决定将越王勾践青铜剑送到复旦大学作科学检测。科学家们利用质子X荧光非真空分析技术,对越王勾践青铜剑进行无损伤的测定与研究后,发现了越王勾践青铜剑的配方成分。

数据显示,这把宝剑的青铜合金主要是由铜、锡以及少量的铝、铁、镍、硫组成的。十分重要的是,越王勾践剑的剑脊含铜较多,这就使得剑的韧性好,不易折断;而剑刃部含锡量高,不但增加了宝剑的硬度,也使得宝剑异常锋利。虽然是同一把宝剑,可是剑的不同部位却有着不同金属配比,这要求金属器物在铸造的过程中,必须分两次浇铸才能使器物复合成一体,专业术语称之为“复合金属工艺”,我国早在两千多年前的春秋时期就已经掌握了这项技术,实在令人惊叹。

复合剑的脊部含铜较多,因此呈现出黄色;刃部含锡较多,因此泛出白色。在阳光下,剑脊和剑刃闪烁着不同的两种光芒,有一种摄人心魄的魅力,也被称为“两色剑”。

至于越王勾践剑为何历经两千多年还不生锈,法国人曾提出一个大胆假说——中国古代青铜器上,存在着神秘的今人尚不知晓的人工外镀技术,比如经过硫化处理,正是这个技术,使得青铜器的器表产生了覆盖层,它异常坚硬而且绝不生锈。

也有人提出了看似更为理性的说法。湖北省博物馆研究员后德俊认为,越王勾践剑出土时并不是绝对没有生锈,只是其锈蚀的程度十分轻微,人们难以看出。而出土几十年来,该剑的表面已经不如出土时明亮,说明在目前这样好的保管条件下,锈蚀的进程也是难以绝对阻止的。

之所以越王勾践剑出土时锈蚀的程度十分轻微,后德俊认为主要是由墓地的保管条件决定的。作为青铜剑的主要成分铜,是一种不活泼的金属,在日常条件下一般不容易发生锈蚀,这是越王勾践剑不锈的原因之一。由于望山一号楚墓密封性非常好,因此青铜器更不容易生锈。

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