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谁操纵了北洋政治?各派军阀背后都有帝国主义支持

2016-11-21 13:37:09   

历经两个月的紧锣密鼓的协商,有关各国终于消弭歧见,复照表示“对于中国政府修改现行条约之提议愿加考虑,惟务须中国政府以同等程度履行其保障外人权利之义务。同时警告中国政府必须证明愿意且有能力平息骚乱及排外煽动活动。”1925年6月24日的修约照会,标志着北京政府正式开启修约运动的进程。拖延已久的关税会议和法权调查会议终于先后召开,但可惜未能取得令人满意的结果。在与有关国家的修约交涉中,北京政府采取了前所未有的单方面废约的行动。然而,北京政府的虚弱地位,大大地削弱了其外交努力的作用。外交官们的勇敢行为,并不能挽救北京政府在国内斗争中失败的命运。随着北京政府的垮台,曾一度很有气势的修约运动也就烟消云散了。

20世纪20年代,中央政府失去了统驭全局的能力,南北大小军阀割地而治,各派背后都有帝国主义的支持

20世纪20年代,北洋政治的特点之一就是中央政府失去了统驭全局的能力,南北大小军阀割地而治。经过多年的混战,到北伐战争前,还有张作霖、吴佩孚和孙传芳三大集团,各自称雄一方。各派背后都有帝国主义的支持,奉系的后台则是日本帝国主义。

直皖战争结束后,直奉之间的矛盾开始凸显,张作霖为左右北方政局,有意亲近日本。他在会见日本贵志少将时说:对日政策必将实行真正亲善主义,外国人宣传亲日之段祺瑞已经没落,余将取而代之,既然如此,莫如承认之,索性将一贯依靠日本之态度,彻底公布。今日在东三省,包括长江以北地区,坚决抵制排日思想之传播。第二次直奉战争时,张作霖不放心前方的情形,特意从奉天派出一个日本军事顾问团,为首之人系一名日本中将,据说是日本南满铁路守备队司令。当直奉在山海关一带激战正酣时,奉系子弹告急,一、三联军只剩子弹20万发。第一军的裴春生一个旅,一个晚上就消耗了20万发。张学良从奉天于1周内带来日本供给的步机枪子弹4000万发,炮弹10万发。收到这些弹药,郭松龄率领4个旅出击,一举击败直军。两次直奉战争的背后都有英、日两国的背后支持,但最终的决定原因并非外力。

1925年,广州国民政府成立。北洋政治迎来了其最为强劲的参与者和挑战者。在“联俄、联共、扶助农工”的政策下,1926年国民革命军出师北伐,北洋政治即将被清扫出历史舞台。(作者为中国社会科学院近代史所副研究员)

阅读延伸

列强撑腰的军阀混战

北洋军阀是从北洋系衍生而来,当袁世凯还活着的时候,由于整个新军都是袁世凯一手策划并且训练起来的,所以众将士都听命于袁世凯,但是袁世凯死后,由于没有一个强势的人物能够威慑住其他将领,各个将领谁也不服谁,于是就诞生了各派军阀。北洋军阀分裂为皖系、直系、奉系三大派系。皖系的段祺瑞在日本支持下,控制皖、浙、闽、鲁、陕等省;直系的冯国璋在英美的支持下,控制长江中下游的苏、赣、鄂及直隶等省;奉系的张作霖以日本为靠山,盘踞东北三省。另外,山西的晋系军阀阎锡山,徐州一带张勋的定武军,西南的滇系军阀唐继尧和桂系军阀陆荣廷等,都在外国列强操纵下,尔吞我并,争斗不已。(陆琴 辑)

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