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日本对德宣战后,侵占胶济铁路,攻占青岛。趁列强无暇东顾之际,抛出了企图全面称霸中国的“二十一条”要求。日本时任驻华公使日置益在得到外相加藤高明的亲手训令后,于1915年1月18日,要求晋见袁世凯。当日下午,袁世凯在中南海怀仁堂接见日置益。日置益当场宣读了二十一条要求全文,并要求中国全面接受,尽快答复。日本一直企图向各国隐瞒真相,特别是对第五号(如,在中国中央政府,须聘用日本人,充为政治财政军事等各顾问;须聘用多数日本人,以资一面筹划改良中国警察机关;在中国设立中日合办之军械厂聘用日本技师,并采买日本材料)的内容极端要求保密,试图稳定在华有利益的各国,意图取得各国的中立。2月15日,外交总长陆征祥会晤日置益,希望日本方面放弃第五号要求,但日置益予以拒绝。无奈之下,民国政府将“二十一条”全文电告协约各国政府,冀求引起各国注意,向日本施加压力。英、美等国虽然对第五号要求表示关切,但此时各国多有求于日本,愿持观望态度。
经过多次谈判,至1915年4月26日,日本向中国提出最后修正案,作出些微让步。针对日本的修正,中国于5月1日提出修正案,在山东、满蒙杂居、第五号要求等问题上坚持立场。此时,形势已难调和。英国于5月4日照会日本,不希望日本与中国开战,希望日本遵守英日同盟的精神。在国际压力和中国的坚决抵制下,日本最终同意放弃第五号要求,并于5月7日,向中国发出最后通牒,限9日午后6时答复。当时的毛泽东得知后,愤而写下四言诗:五月七日,民国奇耻;何以报仇,在我学子。5月9日,最终中国接受了日本的最后通牒。
对华采取一致行动是列强在华盛顿会议上达成的共识
五卅惨案后,借助国内激扬的民气,北京政府于1925年6月24日向华盛顿会议与会国递交照会,正式提出了修改不平等条约的要求。北京政府在照会中开宗明义地指出:“自近年来,中国舆情及外国识者,佥谓为对于中国公道计,为关系各方利害计,亟宜将中外条约重行修正,俾适合于中国现状暨国际公理平允之原则”。
在各国反应之中,英国的态度最为强硬,法国和葡萄牙次之,美国最为宽容,日本相对温和。当时英、美政府分别将自己的建议案转致其他有关各国,探听他国是否赞同己见,由此引出了日本修正关税声明草案后的折衷方案。7月中下旬,日、英、美政府先后拟具各自的复照文本,基本上还是各唱各的调,所表现出的立场与观点相去甚远。由于对华采取一致行动是列强在华盛顿会议上达成的共识,为了协调各方观点,有关各国之间进行了密集的磋商。
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