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朝鲜战争中,毛泽东考虑出兵还是不出兵的最后底线

2016-11-03 14:57:24   

美军在朝鲜战争中受重挫,正在通过三八线向南溃退。(资料图)

本文摘自《毛泽东与共和国重大决策纪实》,张树德著,湖北人民出版社出版

本文只以信息传播为目的,不代表认同其观点和立场

对于美帝国主义的侵略行径,毛泽东迅速作出反应,表明中国政府的立场。6月28日,毛泽东在中央人民政府委员会第8次会议上严斥了美国对朝鲜和我国领土台湾的侵略,他明确指出:“各国人民的事情应该由各国人民来管,而不应由美国来管。”他断言,美国总统已经证明他自己以前有关不干涉台湾的声明是“假的”,美国这样干是公开“暴露了自己的帝国主义面目”。他重申了他的关于“帝国主义是外强中干的”观点,号召中国人民和全世界人民“打败美帝国主义的任何挑衅。”(《帝国主义和一切反动派都是纸老虎》,人民出版社,1958年版,第27页)同一天,国务院总理兼外交部长周恩来发表声明,强烈谴责美国政府侵略朝鲜、台湾及干涉亚洲事务的罪行。

7月13日,毛泽东和中央军委作出了重大战略决策,令位于河南的战略预备队第13兵团,下辖第三十八、第三十九、第四十军紧急开赴东北,加上第42军和炮兵第一、第二、第八师等组成东北边防军,之后又将第五十军编入,加强东北边防力量。党中央和毛泽东的这一战略决策是很有远见卓识的。时隔6年后,毛泽东在与苏共中央代表团谈话讲起这件事时说:“战争开始后,我们先调去3个军,后来又增加了2个军,总共有5个军,摆在鸭绿江边。所以,到后来当帝国主义过三八线后,我们才有可能出兵。否则,毫无准备,敌人很快就要过来了。”

(毛泽东同苏共中央代表团谈话纪录,1956年9月23日)20年后的1970年10月10日,毛泽东与来访的金日成主席谈话时又提到这件事,他说:“可惜那时候只有5个军,那5个军火力也不强,应该有7个军就好了。”(毛泽东同金日成谈话纪录,1970年10月10日)就在中国人民密切关注朝鲜半岛战局发展的时候,由于朝鲜人民军英勇作战,到8月初已解放了朝鲜90%以上的领土,迫使南朝鲜军退守洛东以东的大丘、釜山一隅。面对胜利,人们兴高采烈,认为南方指日可下,已经胜利在望。而此时的毛泽东却头脑十分清醒、冷静。

他认为:朝鲜人民军应该作短暂休整,调整军事部署,然后再接再厉,最后一鼓荡平,彻底解放朝鲜全境。并认为,很可能出现美军在朝鲜人民军侧后登陆的最坏情况,他强调,应防守仁川这个重要的据点,以防不测。(《师哲回忆录》,中央文献出版社,第492页)毛泽东预见到,战争转入持久和美国扩大战争规模的可能性非常大,他已经开始考虑中国要不要出兵帮助朝鲜的重大问题。8月4日,毛泽东在中央政治局会议上指出,如美帝得胜,就会得意,就会威胁我。对朝鲜不能不帮,必须帮助,用志愿军的形式,时机当然还要适当选择,我们不能不有所准备。随即,毛泽东先后两次致电东北军区,要求东北边防军务于9月30日前完成一切准备工作。毛泽东还批准代总参谋长聂荣臻的报告,将部分高炮部队部署在鸭绿江边的朝方一侧,以确保鸭绿江大桥的安全,保证日后中国人民志愿军顺利出兵。同时,毛泽东还决定,将第九兵团和第十九兵团调至津浦、陇海铁路沿线地区,以策应东北边防军。

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